Pentremitida

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Pentremitida are a lineage of spiraculate blastoids with typically four spiracles and an anispiracle. Members include the Pentremitidae, in which spiracle margins are formed by ambulacral plates.

Characters (Waters & Horowitz 1993): Pyriform to godoniform theca; four spiracles (may be split by septum) and an anispiracle; deltoid faces in most genera; lancets partially to completely exposed.

<==Pentremitida
    |--HyperoblastidaeWM03
    |    |--Conuloblastus malladai (Etheridge & Carpenter 1893)SG93
    |    |--Conoblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |    `--*C. invaginatus Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |--Petaloblastus Fay 1961LMW01
    |    |    |--*P. ovalis (Goldfuss 1829)BF67 [=Pentremites ovalisLMW01; incl. Pentremitidea phillipsii Whidborne 1898LMW01]
    |    |    `--P. boletus (Schmidt 1930) [=Pentremites boletus]LMW01
    |    |--Breimeriblastus Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |    |--*B. pyramidalis Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |    `--B. gracilis Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |--Sinopetaloblastus Lane, Waters & Maples 1997WM03
    |    |    |--S. grabaui Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |    |    `--S. jinxingae Lane, Waters & Maples 1997WM03
    |    `--Hyperoblastus Fay 1961WM03
    |         |--*H. preciosus (Reimann 1945) [=Pentremitidea preciosa]BF67
    |         |--H. emuhaensis Waters, Maples et al. 2003WM03
    |         |--H. filosaWM03
    |         |--H. nuciformisBF67
    |         `--H. reimanni Kier 1952M01
    `--Pentremitidae [Eleutheroblastidae, Eleutherocrinidae, Pentremidae, Pentremitidaea]WM03
         |  i. s.: Strongyloblastus Fay 1962SG93, BF67
         |           |--*S. petalus Fay 1962BF67
         |           `--S. breimeri Sprinkle & Gutschick 1990SG93
         |--Eleutherocrinus Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=Eleutheroblastus Hambach 1903]BF67
         |    `--*E. cassedayi Shumard & Yandell 1856 [=*Eleutheroblastus cassedayi]BF67
         |--Cordyloblastus Fay 1961BF67
         |    |--*C. acutangulus (Schultze 1886) [=Pentremites acutangulus]BF67
         |    `--C. eifelensisBF67
         `--+--Devonoblastus Reimann 1935BF67
            |    |--*D. leda (Hall 1862) [=Pentremites leda]BF67
            |    `--D. whiteavesiBF67
            |--OrbitremitidaeBF67
            |    |  i. s.: Houiblastus devonicusWM03
            |    |--Doryblastus Fay 1961BF67
            |    |    `--*D. melonianus (Schmidt 1930) [=Mesoblastus melonianus]BF67
            |    `--+--Globoblastus Hambach 1903BF67
            |       |    `--*G. norwoodi (Owen & Shumard 1850) [=Pentremites norwoodi]BF67
            |       `--+--Ellipticoblastus Fay 1960BF67
            |          |    `--*E. orbicularis (Sowerby 1834) [=Pentatrematites orbicularis]BF67
            |          `--Orbitremites Austin & Austin 1842BF67
            |               |--*O. derbiensis (Sowerby 1825) [=Pentremites derbiensis]BF67
            |               |--O. ellipticusBF67
            |               `--O. malaianus Wanner 1916SG93
            `--+--Pentremoblastus Fay & Koenig 1963BF67
               |    |--*P. conicus Fay & Koenig 1963BF67
               |    `--P. subovalis Fay & Koenig 1963SG93
               `--+--Ambolostoma Peck 1930 [Ambolostomatidae]BF67
                  |    `--*A. baileyi Peck 1930BF67
                  `--Pentremites Say 1820 [=Pentremite]BF67
                       |  i. s.: P. gemmiformisBF67
                       |         P. maccallieiBF67
                       |         P. obesusBF67
                       |         P. okawensisBF67
                       |         P. orbignyanusH04
                       |         P. pyramidatusBF67
                       |--P. elongatusBF67
                       `--+--P. conoideusBF67
                          |--+--P. princetonensisBF67
                          |  `--+--P. symmetricusBF67
                          |     `--+--P. girtyiBF67
                          |        `--P. pyriformisBF67
                          `--+--P. pulchellusBF67
                             `--+--*P. godoni (Defrance 1819) [=Encrina godonii]BF67
                                `--+--+--P. halliBF67
                                   |  `--P. tulipaformisBF67
                                   `--+--P. rusticus Hambach 1903BF67, SG93
                                      `--P. sulcatusBF67

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa—Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) vol. 2 pp. S297–S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[LMW01] Lane, N. G., C. G. Maples & J. A. Waters. 2001. Revision of Late Devonian (Famennian) and some Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian) crinoids and blastoids from the type Devonian area of north Devon. Palaeontology 44 (6): 1043–1080.

[M01] McIntosh, G. C. 2001. Devonian cladid crinoids: families Glossocrinidae Goldring, 1923, and Rutkowskicrinidae new family. Journal of Paleontology 75 (4): 783–807.

[SG93] Simms, M. J., A. S. Gale, P. Gilliland, E. P. F. Rose & G. D. Sevastopulo. 1993. Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 491–528. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: new Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922–948.