Phaeophyceae

Belongs within: Chrysista.
Contains: Fucophycidae, Dictyotaceae, Sphacelariales.

The Phaeophyceae, brown algae, are a group of marine, multicellular algae with thalli containing pigments that give them an olive-green to black-brown coloration. Molecular data support a basal position for Discosporangiales, a clade of simple branched filamentous forms with apical growth, differing from other brown algae in their continuous division and elongation of vegetative cells (Adl et al. 2019).

Characters (Adl et al. 2012): Filamentous, syntagmatic, parenchymatous or ciliated; swimming cells with two cilia usually inserted laterally—one anteriorly directed and one posteriorly directed; usually four microtubular kinetosomal roots but no striated kinetosomal root or rhizoplast; ciliary transitional helix typically with six gyres located above the major transitional plate; no paraciliary rod; little to no substantial tissue differentiation occurring in parenchymatous forms; cell wall present, containing alginate compounds and cellulose; plasmodesmata or pores between cells in parenchymatous forms; chloroplasts with girdle lamella; outer chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum membrane with direct membrane connection to the outer nuclear envelope membrane; plastid DNA with ring-type genophore; eyespots present or absent; plastid pigments include chlorophylls a and c_1,2, fucoxanthin, and violaxanthin.

<==Phaeophyceae (see below for synonymy)
    |--Discosporangiales [Discosporangiophycidae]SRR14
    |    |--Choristocarpus Zanardini 1860 [Choristocarpaceae]SRR14
    |    |    `--C. tenellus (Kützing) Zanardini 1860 [=Ectocarpus tenellus]DPR01
    |    `--Discosporangium Falkenberg 1878 [Discosporangiaceae]SRR14
    |         `--D. mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck 1885DPR01
    `--+--Ishigeales [Ishigeophycidae]SRR14
       |    |--Diplura Hollenberg 1969 non Koch 1850 (ICZN)SRR14, N10
       |    |    |--D. simplexK98
       |    |    `--D. simulans Hollenberg 1969AH76
       |    `--+--Petroderma Kuckuck 1897N10 [PetrodermataceaeSRR14]
       |       |    `--P. maculiforme (Wollny) Kuckuck 1896 [=Lithoderma maculiforme Wollny 1881]AH76
       |       `--Ishige Yendo 1907N10 [IshigeaceaeSRR14]
       |            |--I. foliacea Okamura in Segawa 1935SRR14, N10
       |            `--+--I. okamurae Yendo 1907SRR14, N10 [=I. okamuraiN10]
       |               `--I. sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Chihara 1969SRR14, N10 (see below for synonymy)
       `--+--FucophycidaeSRR14
          `--DictyotophycidaeSRR14
               |--Onslowia Searles in Searles & Leister 1980DPR01 [Onslowiaceae, OnslowialesSRR14]
               |    |--*O. endophytica Searles in Searles & Leister 1980DPR01
               |    `--O. bahamensis Henry 1987DPR01
               `--+--DictyotaceaeSRR14
                  `--+--SphacelarialesSRR14
                     `--Syringodermataceae [Syringodermatales]SRR14
                          |--Microzonia Agardh 1894SRR14
                          `--Syringoderma Levring 1940SRR14
                               |--S. abyssicola (Setchell & Gardner) Levring 1940 (see below for synonymy)AH76
                               `--S. phinneyiKM03

Ishige sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Chihara 1969^{SRR14, N10} [=Polyopes sinicola Setchell & Gardner 1924^N10, Carpopeltis sinicola (Setchell & Gardner) Kylin 1956^N10]

Phaeophyceae [Cyclindaceae, Fuci, Fucophyceae, Melanophyceae, Melanophycidae, Melanospermeae, Phaeophycea, Phaeophycophyta, Phaeophyta, Scytophyces]

Syringoderma abyssicola (Setchell & Gardner) Levring 1940 [=Chlanidophora abyssicola Setchell & Gardner 1924]^AH76

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AH76] Abbott, I. A., & G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press.

[DPR01] Draisma, S. G. A., & W. F. Prud’homme van Reine. 2001. Onslowiaceae fam. nov. (Phaeophyceae). Journal of Phycology 37: 647–649.

[K98] Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1–17.

[KM03] Kawai, H., S. Maeba, H. Sasaki, K. Okuda & E. C. Henry. 2003. Schizocladia ischiensis: a new filamentous marine chromophyte belonging to a new class, Schizocladiophyceae. Protist 154: 211–228.

[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.

[SRR14] Silberfeld, T., F. Rousseau & B. de Reviers. 2014. An updated classification of brown algae (Ochrophyta, Phaeophyceae). Cryptogamie, Algologie 35 (2): 117–156.