Belongs within: Ichneumoniformes.
Contains: Chiroticina, Gelis.
The Phygadeuontinae are often small ichneumon wasps with two bullae typically present on crossvein 2m-cu, most of which are ectoparasitoids on pupae or prepupae.
Phygadeuontinae [Gelinae, Gelini, Phygadeuonides, Phygadeuontini, Phygadeuontoidae]G84
|--+--CremnodesSW21
| `--PolyaulonSW21
`--+--Xenolytus Foerster 1869SW21, G84 [incl. Sternocryptus Roman 1925G84]
| `--X. bitinctus [=Ichneumon bitinctus, Cryptus bitinctus, *Sternocryptus bitinctus; incl. *Xenolytus rufipes]G84
`--+--CormobiusSW21
`--+--+--Hemigasterini [Echthrini]SW21
| | |--LitochilaG84
| | `--Hemigaster Brullé 1846 (see below for synonymy)G84
| | |--*H. fasciata Brullé1846G84
| | |--‘*Chreusa’ fulvipes Cameron 1899 (see below for synonymy)G84
| | |--‘*Asius’ fulvus Tosquinet 1903G84
| | |--H. luteaG84
| | `--H. taiwanaSW21
| `--+--+--RetaliaSW21
| | `--CisarisSW21
| `--+--+--MesoleptusSW21
| | | |--M. flavovariegatus Lucas 1849E12
| | | |--M. melanocephalusMS01
| | | `--M. (Zemiotes) vulneratorMS01
| | `--+--AtractodesBS23
| | | |--A. insignisMS01
| | | |--A. propriusMS01
| | | `--A. scutellatusSB02
| | `--Stilpnus gagatesSW21
| `--+--Pygocryptus erugatusBS23
| `--+--+--Charitopes gastricusSW21
| | `--Lochetica westoniSW21
| `--+--Dichrogaster Doumerc 1855SW21, G84 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--‘Hemiteles’ aestivalis (see below for synonymy)G84
| | |--‘Otacustes’ chrysopae [incl. *O. atriceps, *Chrysopoctonus atriceps]G84
| | |--‘*Microtorus’ kichijoiG84
| | `--‘Hemiteles’ longicaudatus [=*Xenobrachys longicaudatus]G84
| `--+--Xiphulcus plectiscinusSW21
| `--+--CeratophygadeuonSW21
| `--+--RothneyiaBS23
| `--+--Orthizema hadrocerusSW21
| `--+--Theroscopus hemipterusSW21, G84
| `--+--MastrinaG84
| | |--Mastrus carpocapsaeSW21, R96
| | |--HelcostizusG84
| | `--Aclosmation Gauld 1984G84
| | `--*A. rufum Gauld 1984G84
| `--PhygadeuonBS23
| |--P. annulicornisMS01
| |--P. csikii Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901MS01
| |--P. dumetorumGWB02
| |--P. exiguusH02
| |--P. lucidus Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901MS01
| `--P. wiesmanniH02
`--+--ChiroticinaBS23
`--+--+--Ethelurgus nigriventrisBS23
| `--+--BiliraSW21
| `--LissapsisSW21
`--+--GnypetomorphaBS23
`--+--+--Diatora albiscapusSW21
| `--Isdromas Foerster 1869SW21, G84 (see below for synonymy)
| |--‘Hemiteles’ lycaenae [incl. Acrolyta aletiae, *Isdromas aletiae]G84
| |--I. granulatus Gauld 1984G84
| |--‘Hemiteles’ monterai [=*Phatnacra monterai]G84
| |--I. paternicus Gauld 1984G84
| |--‘*Daictimorpha’ peruviana Viereck 1912G84
| |--‘*Larsephna’ varipes Cameron 1903G84
| `--I. yuendumui Gauld 1984G84
`--+--PalpostilpnusSW21
`--+--MicrarisSW21
`--+--EudelusSW21
`--GelisBS23
Phygadeuontinae incertae sedis:
BentyraG84
Meringops Townes 1970G84
`--*M. minipes Townes 1970G84
Rhadinomastrus Gauld 1984G84
`--*R. elongatus Gauld 1984G84
Nipponaetes Uchida 1933 [incl. Potia Seyrig 1952, Thalops Townes 1958]G84
|--*N. haeussleri (Uchida 1933) [=Hemiteles (*Nipponaetes) haeussleri]G84
|--‘*Thalops’ fessus Townes 1958G84
`--‘*Potia’ inelegans Seyrig 1952G84
Tryonocryptus Gauld & Holloway 1983G84
|--*T. nigridorsalis Gauld & Holloway 1983G84
|--T. amicusG84
`--T. gigasG84
Encrateola maculithoraxSW21
‘*Chreusa’ fulvipes Cameron 1899 [incl. *Cryptoderma anormis Morely 1913, *Charmis limbatus Tosquinet 1903]G84
Dichrogaster Doumerc 1855SW21, G84 [incl. Brachycephalus Foerster 1869 non Fitzinger 1826G84, Brachycranium Ashmead 1900G84, Chrysopoctonus Cushman 1919G84, Microtorus Foerster 1869G84, Otacustes Foerster 1869G84, Xenobrachys Foerster 1869G84]
Hemigaster Brullé 1846 [incl. Asius Tosquinet 1903, Charmis Tosquinet 1903, Chreusa Cameron 1899, Cryptoderma Morley 1913]G84
‘Hemiteles’ aestivalis [=*Brachycephalus aestivalis, *Brachycranium aestivale; incl. Microgaster perlae, *Dichrogaster perlae]G84
Isdromas Foerster 1869SW21, G84 [incl. Daictimorpha Viereck 1912G84, Larsephna Cameron 1903G84, Phatnacra Foerster 1869G84]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BS23] Blaimer, B. B., B. F. Santos, A. Cruaud, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula, I. Mikó, J.-Y. Rasplus, D. R. Smith, E. J. Talamas, S. G. Brady & M. L. Buffington. 2023. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nature Communications 14: 1212.
[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.
[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).
[GWB02] Gauld, I. D., D. B. Wahl & G. R. Broad. 2002. The suprageneric groups of the Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): a cladistic re-evaluation and evolutionary biological study. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 421–485.
[H02] Hoffmeister, T. S. 2002. Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), apple maggot (Diptera: Tephritidae). In: P. G. Mason, & J. T. Huber (eds) Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981–2000 pp. 238–241. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.
[R96] Roff, D. A. 1996. The evolution of threshold traits in animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 71 (1): 3–35.
[SW21] Santos, B. F., D. B. Wahl, P. Rousse, A. M. R. Bennett, R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2021. Phylogenomics of Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) reveals pervasive morphological convergence and the shortcomings of previous classifications. Systematic Entomology 46: 704–724.
[SB02] Sweeney, J. D., E. G. Brockerhoff, M. Kenis & J. J. Turgeon. 2002. Strobilomyia neanthracina Michelsen and S. appalachensis Michelsen, spruce cone maggots (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). In: P. G. Mason, & J. T. Huber (eds) Biological Control Programmes in Canada, 1981–2000 pp. 253–258. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).