Belongs within: Coleoptera.
Contains: Chrysomelidae, Megalopodidae, Orsodacnidae, Cerambycidae, Vesperidae, Cimberididae, Nemonychidae, Anthribidae, Belidae, Attelabidae, Brentidae, Curculionidae.
The Phytophaga are a diverse clade of insects uniting the Chrysomeloidea (leaf beetles and longicorns) with the Curculionoidea (weevils). Members of this clade are united by the ancestral presence of pseudotetramerous tarsi (with segment 4 minute and concealed between the adjoining segments), together with reduction of the male aedeagus. As indicated by their name, the vast majority of exemplars are plant feeders with most associated with angiosperms (Grimaldi & Engel 2005).
The weevils of the Curculionoidea have the head in front of the eyes elongated to form a rostrum (secondarily reduced in some subgroups) with corresponding modifications of the mouthparts including reduction of the mandibles. The labrum is commonly fused but remains free in the basal families Cimberididae, Nemonychidae and Anthribidae. The antennae are straight in members of families outside the Curculionidae, usually with a loosely articulated club. The Caridae are a Southern Hemisphere family with larvae developing in female cones of Cupressaceae. Carids have straight antennae inserted ventrally on the rostrum and lack spiracles on abdominal tergites 6 and 7 (Marvaldi & Lanteri 2005).
The Chrysomeloidea include the families Chrysomelidae, Cerambycidae and allies. Members of this clade have pseudotetramerous tarsi and antennae lacking a club. Smaller families within the Chrysomeloidea include the Oxypeltidae, a group of metallic-coloured woodboring beetles found in southern South America (Bouchard 2014). The Anoplodermatinae are another disparate South American assemblage in which the fourth tarsomere is entirely exposed. The mole beetle Hypocephalus armatus is a flightless anoplodermatine adapted for digging with an inflated, ovoid pronotum and short, fused elytra. The Dorcasominae are long-horned beetles with an elongate head and lacking mandibular molar plates.
<==Phytophaga [Bruchelae, Chrysomeliformia, Chrysomelomorpha, Rhynchophori]MW15
|--Chrysomeloidea [Phytophagoidea, Tetramera]MW15
| |--ChrysomelidaeMW15
| `--+--+--MegalopodidaeMW15
| | `--OxypeltidaeMW15
| | |--Oxypeltus quadrispinosusMW15
| | `--CheloderusB14
| | |--C. childreni Gray 1832B14
| | `--C. penaiB14
| `--+--+--OrsodacnidaeMW15
| | `--Anoplodermatinae [Anoplodermatidae]MW15
| | |--Migdolus fryanusMW15
| | `--Hypocephalus [Hypocephalidae, Hypocephalini]B14
| | `--H. armatus Desmarest 1832B14
| `--+--CerambycidaeMW15
| `--+--VesperidaeLL20
| `--DorcasominaeMW15
| |--Dorcasomus ebulinus [=Cerambyx ebulinus; incl. Stenocorus testaceus]LC40
| |--CapnolymmaB14
| | |--*C. stygia Pascoe 1858B14
| | `--C. capreola Pascoe 1866P66
| `--Apatophysis Gressitt 1947MW15, TT02 [Apatophyseinae]
| |--A. barbaraMW15
| |--A. serricornis (Gebler 1843) [=Pachyta serricornis; incl. A. mongolica]B14
| `--A. sieversiF89
`--Curculionoidea [Cryptoplides, Curculionites, Heteromorphi, Rhynchophora]MW15
| i. s.: EtheophanusC88
| |--E. striatusC88
| `--+--E. optandusC88
| `--+--E. nitidellusC88
| `--E. pinguisC88
| Mahakamia kampmeinertiB14
| Aglycyderidae [Proterhinidae]W86
| |--ProterhinusO94
| `--AglycyderesRD77
| CretonanophyesP02 [EccoptarthridaeGE05]
| `--C. longirostrisP02
| Aades cultratus (Fabricius 1775)Z93 (see below for synonymy)
| CatoptesZ93
| |--C. brevicornis (Broun 1904) (see below for synonymy)E02
| `--C. interruptus (Fabricius 1781) [=Curculio interruptus]Z93
| Aoplocnemis clavipes (Fabricius 1775) [=Lixus clavipes]Z93
| Cecyropa modestaM94
| Tansyphyrus lemnaeH61
| PachygasterR26
| |--P. armadilloR26
| |--P. ligusticiR26
| |--P. meridionalisR26
| `--P. provincialisR26
| ArchaeorrhynchusLB20
|--CimberididaeLB20
`--+--+--NemonychidaeLB20
| `--AnthribidaeLB20
`--+--+--BelidaeLB20
| `--AttelabidaeLB20
`--+--+--BrentidaeLB20
| `--CurculionidaeLB20
`--Caridae [Carinae]LB20
|--Cretocar luzziiGE05
|--Caenominurus topaliML05
`--Car Blackburn 1897M94
|--*C. condensatus Blackburn 1897M94
|--C. intermediusB14
`--C. piniMW15
Phytophaga incertae sedis:
MelitonomaJ89a
|--M. affine Jacoby 1889J89a
`--M. indica Jacoby 1889J89a
ChrysolampraJ89a
|--C. curvipes Jacoby 1889J89a
`--C. splendensJ89a
Acrothinium violaceum Jacoby 1889J89a
Agasta formosaJ89a
Eumela cyanicollisJ89a
Lygaria westermanniJ89a
Sphaerophysa piceicollis Jacoby 1889J89a
EnneameraJ89b
|--E. apicalis Jacoby 1889J89a
`--E. sumatrensisJ89b
PseudoderaJ89a
|--P. bifasciata Jacoby 1889J89a
`--P. xanthospilaJ89a
Clitea pictaJ89a
BonesiaJ89a
|--B. balyi Jacoby 1889J89a
`--B. clarkiJ89a
Clitena cyaneaJ89a
Paridea thoracicaJ89a
PseudocophoraJ89a
|--P. birmanica Jacoby 1889J89a
`--P. buquetiJ89a
Sastroides birmanica Jacoby 1889J89a
MenippusJ89a
|--M. cervinusJ89a
|--M. cynicusJ89a
`--M. dimidiaticornis Jacoby 1889J89a
HaplosonyxJ89b
|--H. nigricollisJ89b
|--H. parvulusJ89b
|--H. scutellataJ89a
`--H. sublaevicollis Jacoby 1889J89a
SphenoraiaJ89a
|--S. bicolorJ89a
|--S. duodecimmaculata Jacoby 1889J89a
`--S. fulgidaJ89a
LeptarthraJ89a
|--L. dohrniJ89a
|--L. fraternalisJ89a
|--L. grandipennis Fairmaire 1889F89
`--L. nigropicta Fairmaire 1889F89
Cynorta melanocephala Jacoby 1889J89a
AntiphaJ89a
|--A. birmanica Jacoby 1889J89a
|--A. bretinghamiJ89a
|--A. concolor Jacoby 1889J89a
|--A. discoidalisJ89a
|--A. posticaJ89a
`--A. puncticollis Jacoby 1889J89a
OchraleaJ89a
|--O. divisa Jacoby 1889J89a
`--O. nigripesJ89a
AenideaJ89b
|--A. apicalis Jacoby 1889J89b
`--A. sumatrensisJ89a
Syoplia javanensisJ89b
DorydeaJ89a
|--D. basalis Jacoby 1889J89a
|--D. indicaJ89a
`--D. insignisJ89a
Candezea feae Jacoby 1889J89a
Platyxantha gracilis Jacoby 1889J89a
SoleniaJ89a
|--S. collarisJ89a
`--S. indica Jacoby 1889 [=Euphyma indica]J89a
Pyropida sumptuosaJ89b
Imolia nigrofasciataJ89b
AeserniaM86
Sepharia Fairmaire 1889F89
|--S. dilatipennis Fairmaire 1889F89
`--S. rubricata Fairmaire 1889F89
Semacia Fairmaire 1889F89
`--*S. biplagiata Fairmaire 1889F89
DiaphanopsB89
|--D. meyricki Blackburn 1889B89
|--D. parallelus Blackburn 1889B89
`--D. westermanni [incl. Rhynchostomis curculionides]B89
CleptorB89
EdusiaB89
Edusoides Blackburn 1889B89
`--*E. pulcher Blackburn 1889B89
Chalcomela illudensB89
NeorupiliaB90
|--N. stirlingi Blackburn 1890B90
`--N. viridisB90
Aades cultratus (Fabricius 1775)Z93 [=Curculio cultratusZ93, Aterpus cultratusB35; incl. C. bicristatus Fabricius 1801Z93]
Catoptes brevicornis (Broun 1904) [=Platyomidia brevicornis non C. brevicornis Sharp 1886 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)]E02
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B89] Blackburn, T. 1889. Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species. Part III. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (2): 445–482.
[B90] Blackburn, T. 1890. Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with descriptions of new species. Part V. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (4): 1247–1276.
[B35] Boisduval, J. B. 1835. Voyage de Découvertes de l’Astrolabe. Exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826–1827–1828–1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d’Urville. Faune entomologique de l’océan Pacifique, avec l’illustration des insectes nouveaux recueillis pendant le voyage vol. 2. Coléoptères et autres ordres. J. Tastu: Paris.
[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature’s gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).
[C88] Craw, R. 1988. Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. Systematic Zoology 37 (3): 291–310.
[E02] Emberson, R. M. 2002. The beetle (Coleoptera) fauna of the Chatham Islands: additions and corrections. New Zealand Entomologist 25: 69–77.
[F89] Fairmaire, L. 1889. Coléoptères de l’intérieur de la Chine. 5e partie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: 5–84.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[H61] Hillman, W. S. 1961. The Lemnaceae, or duckweeds: a review of the descriptive and experimental literature. Botanical Review 27 (2): 221–287.
[J89a] Jacoby, M. 1889a. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XVII.—List of the phytophagous Coleoptera obtained by Signor L. Fea at Burmah and Tenasserim, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 147–237.
[J89b] Jacoby, M. 1889b. List of the phytophagous Coleoptera collected by Signor Modigliani at Nias and Sumatra, with descriptions of the new species. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 278–287.
[LC40] Laporte de Castelnau, F. 1840. Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Coléoptères vol. 2. P. Duménil: Paris.
[LL20] Lee, S., & S. Lee. 2020. Multigene phylogeny uncovers oviposition-related evolutionary history of Cerambycinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 145: 106707.
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[ML05] Marvaldi, A. E., & A. A. Lanteri. 2005. Key to higher taxa of South American weevils based on adult characters (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea). Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 78: 65–87.
[M94] May, B. M. 1994. An introduction to the immature stages of Australian Curculionoidea. In: Zimmerman, E. C. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May pp. 365–728. CSIRO Australia.
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[O94] Otte, D. 1994. The Crickets of Hawaii: origin, systematics and evolution. The Orthopterists’ Society: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
[P66] Pascoe, F. P. 1866. Catalogue of longicorn Coleoptera collected in the island of Penang by James Lamb, Esq. Part II. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 504–536.
[P02] Ponomarenko, A. G. 2002. Superorder Scarabaeidea Laicharting, 1781. Order Coleoptera Linné, 1758. The beetles. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 164–176. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
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