Belongs within: Coniferophyta.
Contains: Abies, Picea, Pinus subgenus Pinus, Pinus subgenus Strobus.
The Pinaceae include the pines (Pinus), spruces (Picea), cedars (Cedrus) and related taxa. This is a primarily Northern Hemisphere family, with some species being the dominant tree species within their range. Pinus species differ from other members of the family in having cones that are biennial or triennial, while other genera grow new cones each year. Leaves of Pinus are usually borne in bundles of two to five (Hickman 1993). Larix, larches, are deciduous, dropping their needles over winter. Pseudotsuga, Douglas firs, is a North American and Asian genus with smooth leaf scars that project only slightly above the twig surface and exserted bracts with three-toothed tips on the seed cones (Hickman 1993).
Characters (J. W. Thieret): Trees (occasionally shrubs), evergreen (annually deciduous in Larix), resinous and aromatic, monoecious. Bark smooth to scaly or furrowed. Lateral branches well developed and similar to leading (long) shoots or reduced to well-defined short (spur) shoots (Pinus, Larix); twigs terete, sometimes clothed by persistent primary leaves or leaf bases; longest internodes less than 1 cm; buds conspicuous. Roots fibrous to woody, unspecialized. Leaves (needles) simple, shed singly (except whole fascicles shed in Pinus), alternate and spirally arranged but sometimes proximally twisted so as to appear 1- or 2-ranked, or fascicled, linear to needlelike, sessile to short-petiolate; foliage leaves either borne singly (spirally) on long shoots or in tufts (fascicles) on short shoots; juvenile leaves (when present) borne on long shoots, scalelike; resin canals present. Pollen cones maturing and shed annually, solitary or clustered, axillary, ovoid to ellipsoid or cylindric; sporophylls overlapping, bearing 2 abaxial microsporangia (pollen sacs); pollen spheric, 2-winged, less commonly with wings reduced to frill (in Tsuga sect. Tsuga), or not winged (in Larix and Pseudotsuga). Seed cones maturing and shed in 1–3 seasons or long-persistent, sometimes serotinous (not opening upon maturity but much later: Pinus), compound, axillary, solitary or grouped; scales overlapping, free from subtending included or exserted bracts for most of length, spirally arranged, strongly flattened, at maturity relatively thin to strongly thickened and woody (in Pinus), with 2 inverted, adaxial ovules. Seeds 2 per scale, elongate terminal wing partially decurrent on seed body (wing short or absent in some species of Pinus); aril lacking; cotyledons 2–12[–18].
<==Pinaceae [Abietaceae, Dirhopalostachyaceae]
|--CedrusEH06
| |--C. atlanticaC55
| |--C. brevifoliaD30
| |--C. deodaraEH06
| `--C. libaniC55
`--+--+--+--AbiesEH06
| | `--KeteleeriaEH06
| | |--K. davidianaEH06
| | `--K. evelynianaMM12
| `--+--Pseudolarix amabilisEH06
| `--TsugaEH06
| |--T. canadensisSS96
| |--T. chinensisCP02
| |--T. diversifoliaA80
| |--T. dumosaSN88
| |--T. heterophyllaC90
| |--T. mertensianaEH06
| `--T. sieboldii [incl. Abies tsuga]LO98
`--+--+--PseudotsugaEH06
| | |--P. douglasiiB88
| | |--P. macrocarpaB14
| | |--P. menziesiiEH06
| | `--P. taxifoliaSW03
| `--LarixEH06
| |--L. dahuricaF94
| |--L. deciduaEH06
| |--L. gmeliniiL02
| | |--L. g. var. gmeliniiF92
| | `--L. g. var. japanicaF92
| |--L. groenlandiiTH03
| |--L. himalaicaSN88
| |--L. kaemferiF92
| |--L. koreanaF92
| |--L. laricinaTH03
| |--L. leptolepisF92
| |--L. occidentalisMM12
| |--L. olgensisF94
| |--L. russicaF94
| |--L. sibiricaF92
| `--L. subczewiiF92
`--+--+--Cathaya argyrophyllaEH06
| `--PiceaEH06
`--+--Pityostrobus bernissartensisMM12
`--PinusEH06
| i. s.: P. abiesS00
| P. ayacahuiteCG05
| P. clausaWW96
| P. cooperiCG05
| P. fenzelianaL02
| P. flexisPh02
| P. inopsT10
| P. kochianaCK05
| P. larixS00
| P. longifoliaWC02
| P. luchuensisSM03
| P. maritimaC55
| P. montanaSR03
| P. occidentalisJ87
| P. oxacanaAD84
| P. palaeostrobusS89
| P. pallasianaCK05
| P. pieperi Dorf 1930AD84
| P. pringleiCG05
| P. pumilioA78
| P. quadrifoliaH93
| P. rudisCG05
| P. torreyana [incl. P. torreyana ssp. insularis]H93
| P. uncinataC55
|--P. subg. PinusEH06
`--P. subg. StrobusEH06
Pinaceae incertae sedis:
Pinites succinifer Göppert 1836E01 [=Pinus succiniferaPo02]
NothotsugaCD07
Compsostrobus Delevoryas & Hope 1973 [Compsostrobaceae]C93
`--C. neotericus Delevoryas & Hope 1973C93
SchizolepidopsisHS17
Millerostrobus Taylor et al. 1987C93
`--M. pekinensis Taylor et al. 1987C93
Taxoxylum electrochytonP92
Pityoxylon succiniferumP92
PiceitesP92
*Type species of generic name indicated
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