Pitheciidae

 Dusky titi Callicebus moloch, from Cultour.it.

Belongs within: Platyrrhini.

The Pitheciidae are a family of South American monkeys containing the genera Callicebus (titis), Cacajao (uakaris) and Pithecia and Chiropotes (sakis). As well as being supported by molecular analysis (Opazo et al. 2006), the clade is supported by the subequal height of the talonid and trigonid, and the presence of a prehypocrista on M1 (Horovitz 1999). Modern genera with the exclusion of Callicebus are further united by possession of characteristically tall, narrow, procumbent incisors, large stout canine, flattish low-cusped cheek teeth, expanded ribs, and an exceptionally broad nasal septum (Groves 1991).

<==Pitheciidae
    |  i. s.: SoriacebusOW06
    |           |--S. adrianae Fleagle 1990H99
    |           `--S. ameghinorum Fleagle et al. 1987H99
    |--PitheciinaeH99
    |    |--Nuciruptor rubricae Meldrum & Kay 1997H99
    |    `--+--Cebupithecia sarmientoi Stirton & Savage 1951NG13, H99
    |       `--PitheciiniH99
    |            |--Pithecia Desmarest 1804FS15, C57 [incl. Yarkea Lesson 1840C57]
    |            |    |  i. s.: P. hirsuta Spix 1823G91, C57 [=P. monachus hirsutaC57, Yarkea hirsutaC57]
    |            |    |--+--*P. pithecia (Linné 1766)C57, FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |            |    |  `--P. aequatorialisFS15
    |            |    `--+--P. irrorata Gray 1844FS15, C57 [=Yarkea irrorataC57]
    |            |       `--+--P. albicans Gray 1860FS15, C57 [=Callithrix albicansC57, Yarkea albicansC57]
    |            |          `--P. monachus (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |            |               |--P. m. monachus (see below for synonymy)C57
    |            |               `--P. m. capillamentosa Spix 1823 [=P. monacha capillamentosa]C57
    |            `--+--Chiropotes Lesson 1840FS15, C57 [=Cheiropotes Reichenbach 1862C57]
    |               |    |--C. satanas (Hoffmannsegg 1807) (see below for synonymy)C57
    |               |    |--C. albinasus (Geoffroy & Deville 1848) (see below for synonymy)C57
    |               |    |--C. chiropotes (Humboldt 1811)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |               |    `--C. utahickaeFS15
    |               `--Cacajao Lesson 1840FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                    |  i. s.: C. rubicundus (Geoffroy & Deville 1848) (see below for synonymy)C57
    |                    |           |--C. r. rubicundusC57
    |                    |           `--C. r. ucayalii Thomas 1928C57
    |                    |--C. calvus (Geoffroy 1847)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                    `--+--C. hosomiFS15
    |                       `--+--*C. melanocephalus (Humboldt 1811)C57, FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                          `--C. ayresiFS15
    `--+--XenotrichidaeAC98
       |    |--+--Antillothrix MacPhee, Horovitz et al. 1995H99, AC98
       |    |  |    `--A. bernensis (Rímoli 1977) [=Saimiri bernensis]AC98
       |    |  `--Paralouatta Rivero & Arredondo 1991H99, AC98
       |    |       `--*P. varonai Rivero & Arredondo 1991AC98
       |    `--Xenothrix Williams & Koopman 1952FS15, AC98
       |         `--*X. mcgregori Williams & Koopman 1952AC98
       `--Callicebus Thomas 1903FS15, C57 [Callicebidae]
            |--+--C. nigrifrons (Spix 1823)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix nigrifronsC57]
            |  `--+--+--*C. personatus (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812)C57, FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
            |     |  |    |--C. p. personatus [incl. Pithecia melanops Vigors 1828]C57
            |     |  |    `--C. p. brunello Thomas 1913C57
            |     |  `--C. melanochir (Kuhl 1820)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
            |     `--+--C. barbarabrownaeFS15
            |        `--C. coimbraiFS15
            `--+--+--C. caligatus (Wagner 1842)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
               |  `--+--+--C. modestus Lönnberg 1939FS15, C57
               |     |  |--C. oenanthe Thomas 1924FS15, C57 [=C. moloch oenantheC57]
               |     |  |--C. olallae Lönnberg 1939FS15, C57
               |     |  `--+--C. donacophilus (D’Orbigny 1847)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
               |     |     `--C. pallescens Thomas 1907FS15, C57 [=C. moloch pallescensC57]
               |     `--+--C. lucifer Thomas 1914FS15, C57 [=C. torquatus luciferC57; incl. C. torquatus ignitus Thomas 1927C57]
               |        |--C. lugens (Humboldt 1811)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
               |        |--C. medemiFS15 [=C. torquatus medemiG91]
               |        |--C. purinus Thomas 1927FS15, C57 [=C. torquatus purinusC57]
               |        |--C. regulus Thomas 1927FS15, C57 [=C. torquatus regulusC57]
               |        `--C. torquatus (Hoffmannsegg 1807)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
               |             |--C. t. torquatusC57
               |             `--C. t. amicta (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy)C57
               `--+--+--+--C. aureipalatiiFS15
                  |  |  `--C. dubiusFS15
                  |  `--+--C. cupreus (Spix 1823)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                  |     |    |--C. c. cupreus [incl. C. c. paenulatus Elliot 1909, C. c. ustofuscus Elliot 1907]C57
                  |     |    |--C. c. egeria Thomas 1908C57
                  |     |    |--C. c. leucometopa Cabrera 1900 (see below for synonymy)C57
                  |     |    |--C. c. subrufus Elliot 1907 [incl. C. rutteri Thomas 1923]C57
                  |     |    `--C. c. toppini Thomas 1914 [incl. C. cupreus acreanus Vieira 1954]C57
                  |     `--+--C. discolor (Geoffroy 1848)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix discolorC57, Callicebus moloch discolorG91]
                  |        `--+--C. ornatus (Gray 1866)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                  |           `--C. stephennashiFS15
                  `--+--+--C. cinerascens (Spix 1823)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix cinerascensC57]
                     |  `--C. moloch (Hoffmannsegg 1807)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--C. brunneus (Wagner 1842)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix brunneusC57, Callicebus moloch brunneusG91]
                        `--+--C. hoffmannsi Thomas 1908FS15, C57 [=C. moloch hoffmannsiG91]
                           `--+--C. baptista Lönnberg 1939FS15, C57 [=C. moloch baptistaC57]
                              `--C. bernhardiFS15

Inorganic: Cacajao calvus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987O87

Cacajao Lesson 1840FS15, C57 [incl. Cercoptochus Gloger 1841C57, Neocothurus Palmer 1903C57, Ouakaria Gray 1849C57, Uacaria Flower & Lydekker 1891C57]

Cacajao calvus (Geoffroy 1847)FS15, C57 [=Brachyurus calvusC57, Ouakaria calvaC57, O. calvusC57, Pithecia calvaC57; incl. P. alba Sclegel 1876C57]

*Cacajao melanocephalus (Humboldt 1811)C57, FS15, C57 [=Simia melanocephalaC57, Brachyurus melanocephalusC57, Cebus melanocephalusC57, Ouakaria melanocephalaC57, Pithecia melanocephalaC57; incl. Brachyurus ouakary Spix 1823C57, Cebus ouakaryC57, Ouakaria spixii Gray 1849C57]

Cacajao rubicundus (Geoffroy & Deville 1848) [=Brachyurus rubicundus, C. calvus rubicundus, Ouakaria rubicunda, Pithecia rubicunda]C57

Callicebus caligatus (Wagner 1842)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix caligataC57, Callicebus cupreus caligatusC57; incl. Callithrix castaneoventris Gray 1866C57, Callicebus castaneoventrisC57]

Callicebus cupreus (Spix 1823)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix cupreaC57, Callicebus moloch cupreusG91, Callithrix cupreusC57, Cebus cupreusC57]

Callicebus cupreus leucometopa Cabrera 1900 [=C. cupreus leucometopus; incl. C. cupreus napoleon Lönnberg 1922]C57

Callicebus donacophilus (D’Orbigny 1847)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix donacophilusC57, Callicebus moloch donacophilusG91; incl. Callicebus geoffroyi Miranda Ribeiro 1914 (n. n.)C57]

Callicebus lugens (Humboldt 1811)FS15, C57 [=Simia lugensC57, Callicebus torquatus lugensC57, Callithrix lugensC57, Saguinus lugensC57; incl. Callicebus lugens duida Allen 1914C57, Sa. vidua Lesson 1840C57]

Callicebus melanochir (Kuhl 1820)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix melanochirC57, Cebus melanochirC57, Saguinus melanochirC57; incl. Callithrix gigot Spix 1823C57, Callicebus gigotC57, Callithrix gigoC57]

Callicebus moloch (Hoffmannsegg 1807)FS15, C57 [=Cebus molochC57, Callithrix molochC57, Saguinus molochC57, Simia molochC57; incl. C. emiliae Thomas 1911C57, C. remulus Thomas 1908C57]

Callicebus ornatus (Gray 1866)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix ornataC57, Callicebus moloch ornatusG91, Callithrix ornatusC57]

*Callicebus personatus (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812)C57, FS15, C57 [=Simia personataC57, Callithrix personatusC57, Cebus personatusC57, Saguinus personatusC57]

Callicebus torquatus (Hoffmannsegg 1807)FS15, C57 [=Cebus torquatusC57, Callithrix torquataC57, Callithrix torquatusC57, Saguinus torquatusC57, Simia torquataC57]

Callicebus torquatus amicta (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812) [=Simia amicta, Callicebus amictus, Callithrix amicta, Callithrix amictus, Saguinus amictus]C57

Chiropotes albinasus (Geoffroy & Deville 1848) [=Pithecia albinasa, Yarkea albinasa; incl. Cacajao roosevelti Allen 1914]C57

Chiropotes chiropotes (Humboldt 1811)FS15, C57 [=Simia chiropotesC57, C. satanas chiropotesC57, Pithecia chiropotesC57; incl. P. satanas var. fuscofulva Wagner 1855C57, Brachyurus israelita Spix 1823C57, Cheiropotes israelitaC57, Pithecia israelitaC57, Simia sagulata Traill 1821C57, Cheiropotes sagulataC57]

Chiropotes satanas (Hoffmannsegg 1807) [=Cebus satanas, Pithecia satanas, Simia satanas; incl. C. ater Gray 1870, *C. couxio Lesson 1840, Pithecia satanas var. nigra Wagner 1855]C57

Pithecia monachus (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812)FS15, C57 [=Simia monachusC57, Callithrix monachusC57, Cebus monachusC57, Pithecia monachaC57, Yarkea monachaC57]

Pithecia monachus monachus (Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812) [incl. P. guapo Poeppig 1830, P. monachus inusta Spix 1823, Cebus inustus, Yarkea inusta, Pithecia milleri Allen 1914, P. monachus napensis Lönnberg 1938]C57

*Pithecia pithecia (Linné 1766)C57, FS15, C57 [=Simia pitheciaC57, Callithrix (Yarkea) pitheciaC57, Cebus pitheciaC57; incl. Simia adusta Illiger 1804C57, Pithecia pithecia chrysocephala Geoffroy 1850C57, Callithrix (Yarkea) chrysocephalaC57, Simia leucocephala Audebert 1797C57, Cebus leucocephalusC57, Pithecia leucocephalaC57, Yarkea leucocephalaC57, P. monachus lotochiusi Mertens 1925C57, P. pithecia lotochiusiC57, Simia nocturna Illiger 1804C57, P. nocturnaC57, P. ochrocephala Kuhl 1820C57, Yarkea ochrocephalaC57, P. pogonias Gray 1844C57, Yarkea pogoniasC57, P. rufibarbata Kuhl 1820 C57, P. rufibarbaC57, Simia rufiventer Humboldt 1812C57, P. rufiventerC57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AC98] Alcover, J. A., X. Campillo, M. Macias & A. Sans. 1998. Mammal species of the world: additional data on insular mammals. American Museum Novitates 3248: 1–29.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[H99] Horovitz, I. 1999. A phylogenetic study of living and fossil platyrrhines. American Museum Novitates 3269: 1–40.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.

[OW06] Opazo, J. C., D. E. Wildman, T. Prychitko, R. M. Johnson & M. Goodman. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 274–280.

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