Belongs within: Procellariiformes.
Contains: Pterodroma, Puffinus.
The Procellariidae, petrels and related forms, are a group of medium-sized to huge seabirds found primarily in cooler waters of the world, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere. They have historically been divided between two subfamilies, the Fulmarinae and Procellariinae, based on the fused or unfused condition respectively of the lachrymal bone in the skull, but recent phylogenetic analyses have suggested that the ‘fulmarines’ are paraphyletic with regard to the ‘procellariines’. A position within the Procellariidae has also been indicated for the diving petrels of the genus Pelecanoides, small, stocky birds with short wings and widely placed, powerful legs that have often been placed in their own family.
Within the family, the more mobile, ‘procellariine’-type bill is found in members of the genera Procellaria and Puffinus. The petrels of the genus Procellaria have more strongly hooked bills than the shearwaters of the genus Puffinus. Other members of the Procellariidae include the prions of the genus Pachyptila, small grey petrels that primarily feed on zooplankton. The blue petrel Halobaena caerulea is closely related to and resembles the prions but possesses a square, white-tipped tail in contrast to the prions’ more rounded, black-tipped tail. The giant petrels of the genus Macronectes are the largest members of the family and are aggressive predators as well as scavengers on other vertebrates in the southern oceans. The fulmars of the genus Fulmarus are whitish-grey birds whose two species inhabit the northern (F. glacialis) and southern (F. glacialoides) polar regions.
Characters (from Cramp & Simmons 1977): Body more or less ovate. Wings long and narrow; eleven primaries: p10 longest, p11 minute; 20–29 secondaries, short, diastataxic. Tail short, usually twelve feathers (occasionally 14 or 16). Bill heavy, sometimes more slender or broad; hooked at tip; horny sheath divided into plates; nostrils in dorsal tubes. Legs set far back, bird crouching on tarsi when on land, gait shuffling except in Macronectes. Tarsus laterally flattened, round in Pterodroma; lower part of tibia bare; three anterior toes webbed, hind toe rudimentary, elevated; nails sharp and curved. Oil gland feathered. Aftershaft small. Peculiar musky odour. Sexes similar in plumage; mostly black or grey above and white below or all dark. One moult per year, primaries moulting descendantly. Young semi-altricial and nidicolous, development slow; two downs, both long and fluffy, juvenile feathers growing immediately under second down. Juvenile usually like adult.
<==Procellariidae [Fulmaridae, Fulmarinae, Procellariinae, Puffinidae, Wagellidae] | i. s.: Argyrodyptes Ameghino 1905S72 | `--*A. microtarsus Ameghino 1905S72 | Prion Lacépède 1799 (n. d.) [=Priamphus Rafinesque 1815]CC10 | Eopuffinus kazachstanensis Nessov 1986U93 |--+--Halobaena Bonaparte 1856BKB15, CC10 [=Zaprium Coues 1875CC10] | | `--*H. caerulea (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | `--Pachyptila Illiger 1811BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | | i. s.: P. belcheri (Mathews 1912) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | P. crassirostris (Mathews 1912) [=Pseudoprion turtur crassirostris, *Fulmariprion crassirostris]CC10 | | |--P. c. crassirostris (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | |--P. c. flemingi Tennyson & Bartle 2005CC10 | | `--P. c. pyramidalis Fleming 1939 [=P. (Pseudoprion) eatoni pyramidalis]CC10 | | P. salax Olson 1985B93 | |--P. turtur (Kuhl 1820)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--+--P. vittata (Forster 1777)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--+--P. desolata (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--P. salvini (Mathews 1912)BKB15, CC10 [=Prion vittatus salviniCC10, Pa. (*Salviprion) salviniCC10] | |--P. s. salvini (see below for synonymy)CC10 | `--P. s. macgillivrayi (Mathews 1912)CC10 `--+--+--Lugensa Mathews 1942 [incl. Aphrodroma Olson 2000]CC10 | | `--L. brevirostris (Lesson 1833)CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--+--+--Thalassoica Reichenbach 1853BKB15, CC10 [=Aeipetes Forbes 1882CC10, Thalassoeca Salvin 1896CC10] | | | `--*T. antarctica (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | `--Pagodroma Bonaparte 1856BKB15, CC10 [Pagodromidae] | | `--*P. nivea (Forster 1777) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | |--P. n. nivea (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | `--P. n. major (Schlegel 1863) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | `--+--Daption Stephens in Shaw 1826BKB15, CC10 [=Calopetes Sundevall 1873CC10, Petrella Mathews 1914CC10; Daptionidae] | | `--*D. capense (Linnaeus 1758) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | |--D. c. capense [incl. Procellaria naevia Bonaparte 1857, P. pardela Oken 1816]CC10 | | `--D. c. australe Mathews 1913 [=D. capensis australis]CC10 | `--+--Macronectes Richmond 1905BKB15, CC10 [=Ossifraga Hombron & Jacquinot 1844 non Wood 1835CC10; Macronectidae] | | |--*M. giganteus (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | `--M. halli Mathews 1912 [=M. giganteus halli]CC10 | `--Fulmarus Stephens in Shaw 1826BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | |--*F. glacialis (Linnaeus 1761)CC10, CS77 (see below for synonymy) | | |--F. g. glacialis [incl. F. glacialis auduboni Bonaparte 1857]CS77 | | |--F. g. glupischa Stejn. 1884S05 | | |--F. g. minor (Kjaerbölling 1852) [=Procellaria minor]S05 | | `--F. g. rodgersii Cassin 1862CS77 | `--F. glacialoides (Smith 1840) (see below for synonymy)CC10 `--+--+--PterodromaBKB15 | `--Pelecanoides Lacépède 1799BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | | i. s.: P. cymatotrypetes Olson 1984U93 | | P. miokuaka Worthy, Tennyson et al. 2007CC10 | |--P. garnotiiBKB15 [=*Puffinuria garnotiiCC10] | `--+--*P. urinatrix (Gmelin 1789)CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | | |--P. u. urinatrix (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | |--P. u. berard (Gaimard 1823) (see below for synonymy)CC10 | | |--P. u. chathamensis Murphy & Harper 1916 [=P. urinator chathamensis]CC10 | | |--P. u. coppingeri Mathews 1912CC10 | | |--P. u. dacunhae Nicoll 1906CC10 | | `--P. u. exsul Salvin 1896 [=P. urinator exsul]CC10 | `--+--P. georgicus Murphy & Harper 1916BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--P. magellaniBKB15 [=Puffinuria garnotii magellaniCC10, Pe. (*Porthmornis) magellaniCC10] `--+--+--PuffinusBKB15 | `--Pseudobulweria Mathews 1936CC10 | |--*P. macgillivrayi (Gray 1859)CC10, CS77 [=Thalassidroma (Bulweria) macgillivrayiCC10] | |--P. aterrimaJT12 [=Pterodroma aterrimaBKB15] | |--P. beckiJT12 [=P. rostrata beckiCC10] | `--P. rostrata (Peale 1848)CC10 (see below for synonymy) | |--P. r. rostrataCC10 | `--P. r. trouessartiCC10 `--+--Bulweria Bonaparte 1843BKB15, CC10 [Bulweriidae] | |--*B. bulwerii (Jardine & Selby 1828)CC10 (see below for synonymy) | |--B. bifaxHSS13 | `--B. fallax Jouanin 1955CS77 `--Procellaria Linnaeus 1758BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | i. s.: P. atlantica Gould 1844 [=Fulmarus atlanticus]CC10 | P. fregata Linnaeus 1766 (n. d.) [=Fregetta fregata]CC10 | P. fuliginosa Gmelin 1789 (n. d.) [=Oestrelata fuliginosa]CC10 | P. ‘grisea’ Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) non Gmelin 1789 (see below for synonymy)CC10 | P. incerta Schlegel 1863 [=Oestrelata incerta]CC10 | P. lugens Kuhl 1820 (n. d.)CC10 | P. melanopus Gmelin 1789 (n. d.)CC10 | P. munda Kuhl 1820 (nom. rej.) [=Nectris munda]CC10 | P. nigra Pallas 1769 (n. d.)CC10 | P. velox Kuhl 1820 (n. d.)CC10 |--P. westlandica Falla 1946BKB15, CC10 [=P. parkinsoni westlandicaCC10] `--+--P. cinerea Gmelin 1789BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--+--P. parkinsoni Gray 1862BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--+--*P. aequinoctialis Linnaeus 1758CC10, BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--P. conspicillata Gould 1844JT12, CC10 [=P. aequinoctialis conspicillataCC10]
*Bulweria bulwerii (Jardine & Selby 1828)CC10 [=Procellaria bulweriiCC10, Aestrelata bulweriCC10, Thalassidroma bulweriCC10; incl. Procellaria anjinho Heineken 1829CC10, Oestrelata columbina Schlegel 1863S05, Bulweria bulweri pacifica Mathews & Iredale 1915CC10]
*Daption capense (Linnaeus 1758) [=Procellaria capensis, *Calopetes capensis, Daption capenses (l. c.), Fulmarus (Daption) capensis, *Petrella capensis; incl. Procellaria puncata Ellman 1861]CC10
Fulmarus Stephens in Shaw 1826BKB15, CC10 [=Halohippus Billberg 1828CC10, Rhantistes Kaup 1829CC10, Wagellus Gray 1840CC10; incl. Priocella Hombron & Jacquinot 1844CC10]
*Fulmarus glacialis (Linnaeus 1761)CC10, CS77 [=Procellaria glacialisCC10, *Halohippus glacialisCC10, *Rhantistes glacialisCC10, *Wagellus glacialisCC10]
Fulmarus glacialoides (Smith 1840) [=Procellaria glacialoides, F. (Priocella) glacialoides, Priocella antarctica glacialoides, Thalassoeca glacialoides, Thalassoica glacialoides, Procellaria smithi Schlegel 1863; incl. Priocella antarctica addenda Mathews 1915, Fulmarus antarcticus Stephens in Shaw 1826 non Pro. antarctica Gmelin 1789, Pri. antarctica, *Pri. garnotii Jacquinot & Pucheran in Dumont d’Urville 1844, Procellaria garnotii, Thalassoica glacialoides polaris Bonaparte 1857, Procellaria tenuirostris Audubon 1839 non Temminck 1835, Fulmarus tenuirostris, Priocella tenuirostris, Thalassoeca tenuirostris, Thalassoica glacialoides tenuirostris]CC10
*Halobaena caerulea (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria caerulea, Fulmarus (Halobaena) caeruleus, Halobaena coerulea (l. c.), Pachyptila caerulea, Prion caerulea, Procellaria coerulea (l. c.), *Zaprium caeruleum; incl. Procellaria forsteri Smith 1840 non Latham 1790, Halobaena murphyi Brooks 1917, H. caerulea murphyi, Procellaria similis Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, H. caerulea victoriae Mathews 1916]CC10
Lugensa brevirostris (Lesson 1833)CC10 [=Procellaria brevirostrisCC10, Aphrodroma brevirostrisBKB15, Bulweria brevirostrisCC10, Oestrelata brevirostrisCC10, Pterodroma brevirostrisCC10; incl. O. kidderi Coues 1875CC10, *Aphrodroma kidderiCC10, Pterodroma kidderiCC10, Pt. lugens Mathews 1936CC10, Bulweria lugensCC10, *Lugensa lugensCC10, Pt. kidderi okahia Mathews 1935CC10, Lugensa lugens okahiaCC10, Pt. lugens okahiaCC10, Fulmarus (Cookilaria) unicolor Gray 1871CC10, Procellaria unicolorCC10, Rhantistes unicolor Bonaparte 1856CC10, Pterodrome (l. c.) whitlocki Mathews 1946CC10]
*Macronectes giganteus (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria gigantea, Fulmarus (*Ossifraga) giganteus, *Ossifraga gigantea, Procellaria gigas (l. c.); incl. O. alba Potts 1874, Macronectes giganteus albus, Procellaria brasilia Kuhl 1820, M. giganteus dovei Mathews 1916, M. giganteus forsteri Mathews 1912, Procellaria maxima fusca Mathews 1933, P. ossifraga Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, Macronectes giganteus solanderi Mathews 1912, M. giganteus wilsoni Mathews 1912]CC10
Pachyptila Illiger 1811BKB15, CC10 [incl. Attaprion Mathews 1933CC10, Fulmariprion Mathews 1912CC10, Heteroprion Mathews 1912CC10, Prion Lesson 1828 non Lacépède 1799CC10, Pseudoprion Coues 1866CC10, Salviprion Mathews in Mathews & Hallstrom 1943CC10; Pachyptilidae, Pachyptilinae]
Pachyptila belcheri (Mathews 1912) [=*Heteroprion belcheri; incl. H. belcheri falklandicus Mathews 1939, Pachyptila belcheri falklandica, H. belcheri lalfa Mathews 1939, Pa. (Heteroprion) belcheri orientalis Falla 1937, H. belcheri serventyi Mathews 1935, Pseudoprion turtur solanderi Mathews 1912, Procellaria turtur Mathews 1912 non Kuhl 1820]CC10
Pachyptila crassirostris crassirostris (Mathews 1912) [=P. (Pseudoprion) eatoni crassirostris; incl. Fulmariprion crassirostris antipodes Mathews & Hallstrom 1943]CC10
Pachyptila desolata (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria desolataCC10, Aestrelata desolataCC10, *Attaprion desolatusCC10, Daption desolatumCC10, Heteroprion desolatusCC10, Prion (Pseudoprion) desolataCC10, Prion desolatusCC10; incl. Heteroprion desolatus alexanderi Mathews & Iredale 1921CC10, H. desolatus alter Mathews 1912CC10, Pachyptila (Heteroprion) desolata alterCC10, Pa. desolata alteraCC10, Pa. banksi Smith 1840CC10, Attaprion descolatus banksiCC10, Pa. (Heteroprion) desolata banksiCC10, Heteroprion desolatus banksiCC10, Prion (Pseudoprion) banksiiCC10, Procellaria banksiiCC10, Prion dispar Bianchi 1913CC10, Heteroprion desolatus dispar Iredale 1938CC10, Procellaria fasciata Bonnaterre 1791CC10, H. desolatus georgia Mathews 1932CC10, Attaprion desolatus georgiaCC10, Pachyptila desolata georgiaCC10, Pa. vittata georgicus Mathews 1933CC10, Heteroprion desolatus heardi Mathews 1942CC10, H. desolatus macquariensis Mathews 1912CC10, Attaprion descolatus macquariensisCC10, H. desolatus mattingleyi Mathews 1912CC10, A. desolatus mattingleyiCC10, H. desolatus peringueyi Mathews 1912CC10, Prion rossi Bonaparte 1857CC10]
Pachyptila salvini salvini (Mathews 1912) [=P. vittata salvini; incl. Heteroprion desolatus crozeti Mathews 1932, P. salvini crozeti, P. vittata crozeti, P. gouldi maui Mathews 1937, P. salvini muriwai Mathews & Hallstrom 1943, P. salvini whittelli Mathews 1938]CC10
Pachyptila turtur (Kuhl 1820)BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria turturCC10, Prion (*Pseudoprion) turturCC10; incl. Prion ariel Bonaparte 1857CC10, Pachyptila arielCC10, Procellaria arielCC10, Pseudoprion arielCC10, Ps. turtur armiger Mathews & Hallstrom 1943CC10, Ps. turtur benchi Mathews & Hallstrom 1943CC10, Prion brevirostris Gould 1855CC10, Ps. turtur brevirostrisCC10, Ps. turtur dertrum Mathews 1938CC10, Ps. turtur eatoni Mathews 1912CC10, Fulmariprion crassirostris eatoniCC10, Pachyptila (Pseudoprion) crassirostris eatoniCC10, Pa. turtur fallai Oliver 1930CC10, Heteroprion belcheri fallaiCC10, Pa. (Pseudoprion) turtur fallaiCC10, Pseudoprion turtur huttoni Mathews 1912CC10, Pa. (Pseudoprion) turtur huttoniCC10, Ps. turtur mangarei Mathews & Hallstrom 1943CC10, Ps. turtur nova Mathews 1916CC10, Ps. turtur oliveri Mathews 1932CC10, Ps. turtur steadi Mathews 1932CC10, Pachyptila turtur subantarctica Oliver 1955CC10, Halobaena typica Bonaparte 1857CC10]
Pachyptila vittata (Forster 1777)BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria vittataCC10, Pachyptila vittatus (l. c.)CC10, *Prion vittataCC10, *Prion vittatusCC10; incl. Prion australis Potts 1873CC10, Pachyptila vittata balaena Mathews 1938CC10, Procellaria forsteri Latham 1790CC10, *Pa. forsteriCC10, Prion vittatus gouldi Mathews 1912CC10, Pa. vittata gouldiCC10, Prion vittatus keyteli Mathews 1912CC10, Pa. vittata keyteliCC10, Prion lamellirostris Bonaparte 1856CC10, Procellaria latirostris Bonnaterre 1791CC10, Pro. longirostris (l. c.)CC10, Prion magnirostris Gould 1862CC10, Prion vittatus missus Mathews 1912CC10, Pachyptila vittata missaCC10, Pa. vittata missus (l. c.)CC10]
*Pagodroma nivea (Forster 1777) [=Procellaria nivea, Daption niveum, Fulmarus (Pagrodroma) niveus, Thalassoica nivea]CC10
Pagodroma nivea major (Schlegel 1863) [=Procellaria nivea major non Pr. major Faber 1822; incl. Pa. confusa Mathews 1912]CC10
Pagodroma nivea nivea (Forster 1777) [incl. Pa. nivea alba Mathews 1928, Procellaria candida Peale 1848, Pa. nivea candida, Pa. nivea falklandica Mathews 1926, Procellaria nivea minor Schlegel 1863 non Pr. minor Kjaerbölling 1852, Pa. nivea minor, Pa. novegeorgica Pagenstecher 1885, Pa. nivea novaegeorgica, Pa. nivea novageorgica, Pa. nivea pealei Mathews 1928]CC10
Pelecanoides Lacépède 1799BKB15, CC10 [=Haladroma Illiger 1811CC10, Halodroma Cuvier 1817CC10, Onocralus Rafinesque 1815CC10; incl. Pelagodyptes Murphy & Harper 1921CC10, Porthmornis Murphy & Harper 1921CC10, Puffinuria Lesson 1828CC10; Haladromidae, Pelecanoidi, Pelecanoididae]
Pelecanoides georgicus Murphy & Harper 1916BKB15, CC10 [=Pele. georgicaCC10, *Pelagodyptes georgicusCC10, Pele. urinatrix georgicaCC10; incl. Pela. georgicus novus Mathews 1935CC10]
*Pelecanoides urinatrix (Gmelin 1789)CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=Procellaria urinatrixCC10, *Haladroma urinatrixCC10, *Halodroma urinatrixCC10, *Onocralus urinatrixCC10, Pelecanoides urinatorCC10, Puffinuria urinatrixCC10]
Pelecanoides urinatrix berard (Gaimard 1823) [=Procellaria berard, Halodroma berardi (l. c.), Pelecanoides berardi (l. c.)]CC10
Pelecanoides urinatrix urinatrix (Gmelin 1789) [incl. Pe. urinatrix belcheri Mathews 1912, Procellaria tridactyla Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 non Pr. tridactyla Kuhl 1820, Pr. tridactylae Kuhl 1820]CC10
Procellaria Linnaeus 1758BKB15, CC10 [=Cymatobolus Heine & Reichenow 1890CC10, Cymbatobolus Checklist Committee 1990CC10, Cymotobolus Mathews 1936CC10, Majaqueus Reichenbach 1853CC10; incl. Adamastor Bonarparte 1856CC10, Priofinus Hombron & Jacquinot 18454CC10]
*Procellaria aequinoctialis Linnaeus 1758CC10, BKB15, CC10 [=*Cymatobolus aequinoctialisCC10, Fulmarus (*Majaqueus) aequinoctialisCC10, Puffinus aequinoctialisCC10; incl. Procellaria aequinoctialis brabournei Mathews 1912CC10, Majaqueus fuliginosa Bonaparte 1856CC10, Pr. fuliginosa Shaw in White 1790 non Gmelin 1789CC10, Pr. aequinoctialis mixta Mathews 1912CC10, Pr. nigra Forster in Lichtenstein 1844 non Pallas 1769CC10, Pr. aequinoctialis steadi Mathews 1912CC10]
Procellaria cinerea Gmelin 1789BKB15, CC10 [=Cookilaria cinereaCC10, Adamastor cinerea (l. c.)CC10, A. cinereusCC10, *Priofinus cinereusCC10, Puffinus cinereusCC10; incl. Procellaria adamastor Schlegel 1863CC10, Priofinus cinereus dydimus Mathews 1916CC10, Pro. gelida Gmelin 1789CC10, Adamastor gelidusCC10, Daption gelidumCC10, Fulmarus gelidusCC10, Rhantistes gelidaCC10, Procellaria haesitata Forster in Lichtenstein 1844CC10, *Adamastor haesitatusCC10, Aestrelata haesitataCC10, Procellaria melanura Bonnaterre 1791CC10, Priofinus melanurusCC10, Pro. pallipes Mathews 1912CC10, Adamastor typus Bonaparte 1857CC10]
Procellaria ‘grisea’ Kuhl 1820 (n. d.) non Gmelin 1789 [=Aestrelata grisea, Fulmarus (Cookilaria) griseus]CC10
Procellaria parkinsoni Gray 1862BKB15, CC10 [=Fulmarus (Majaqueus) parkinsoniCC10; incl. P. fuliginosa Gray 1862 nec Gmelin 1789 nec Shaw in White 1790 nec Forster in Lichtenstein 1844CC10]
Pseudobulweria rostrata (Peale 1848)CC10 [=Procellaria rostrataCC10, Aestrelata desolata rostrataCC10, Bulweria rostrataCC10, Oestrelata rostrataCC10, Pterodroma rostrataBKB15, Rhantistes rostrataCC10]
*Thalassoica antarctica (Gmelin 1789) [=Procellaria antarctica, *Aeipetes antarctica, Daption antarcticum, Fulmarus (Priocella) antarcticus, Priocella antarctica, *Thalassoeca antarctica; incl. Procellaria lugubris Tschudi 1856 non Bonaparte 1845]CC10
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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