Procolophonia

Belongs within: Parareptilia.

The Procolophonia are a clade of reptiles known from the mid-Permian to the late Triassic, including the large armoured Pareiasauria and the lizard-like Procolophonoidea. Some authors have also included the modern turtles in this clade.

Synapomorphies (from Laurin & Reisz 1995): Pineal foramen close to fronto-parietal suture; postorbital far from occiput; tabular absent; anterior maxillary narial foramen present; caniniform region absent; cranio-quadrate space large; pterygoid palatal ramus not reaching level of choana; transverse flange of pterygoid directed anterolaterally; cultriform process short; supraocciptal plate reduced to sagittal pillar; paroccipital process antero-posteriorly expanded; quadrate condyle articular surfaces nearly flat and antero-posteriorly short; foramen intermandibularis posterior located below coronoid process or farther posteriorly; meckelian fossa facing dorsally; fossa meckelii short; surangular not reaching coronoid eminence; prearticular extending no farther than coronoid eminence; retroarticular process transversely broad and dorsally concave; trunk neural arches swollen with narrow zygapophyseal buttresses; transverse processes or caudal ribs present on at least thirteen caudals; interclavicle T-shaped; anteriorly directed groove on interclavicle for clavicle attachment; scapula narrow and flat; glenoid short, bipartite; acetabular buttress large, overhanging strongly above acetabulum; femoral greater trochanter present on posterior edge of femur; astragalus and calcaneum sutured or fused to each other; fifth distal tarsal absent; dorsal dermal ossifications present.

<==Procolophonia
    |  i. s.: ‘Labyrinthodon’ ruetimeyeri Wiedersheim 1878S01
    |--Pareiasauria [Serratidentia]MD07
    |    |  i. s.: PareiasuchusSS02
    |    |         Anthodon pricei [=Nanoparia pricei]SS02
    |    |         ProvelosaurusSS02
    |    |         Elginia Newton 1892D07
    |    |           `--E. mirabilisD07
    |    |         Deltavjatia vjatkensisLR95
    |    |         ParasaurusLR95
    |    |         Shihtienfenia permicaLR95, WH78
    |    |         PareiasauridaeTT05
    |    |           |  i. s.: ‘Leptoropha’ novojilovi Chudinov 1955B93
    |    |           |--Proelginia permiana Hartmann-Weinberg 1937TT05
    |    |           |--Scutosaurus Amalitzky 1922TT05, D07
    |    |           |    `--S. karpinskiiD07
    |    |           |--Rhiphaeosaurus tricuspidens Efremov 1940B93
    |    |           |--Parabradysaurus udmurticus Efremov 1954B93
    |    |           `--Pareiasaurus Owen 1876D07
    |    |                |--P. americanusD07
    |    |                |--P. bainiD07
    |    |                |--P. nasicornisD07
    |    |                |--P. omoeratusD07
    |    |                |--P. peringuegiD07
    |    |                `--P. serridens Owen 1876B93
    |    |         Bunostegos akokanensisSO05
    |    |--BradysaurusMDS02
    |    `--+--NochelesaurusMDS02
    |       `--EmbrithosaurusMDS02
    `--ProcolophonoideaMD07
         |  i. s.: Thelephon contritusMD07
         |--OwenettidaeMD07
         |    |  i. s.: Saurodektes rogersorumMD07
         |    |--+--Owenetta rubidgei Broom 1939MD07
         |    |  `--Barasaurus besairei Piveteau 1955MD07, B93
         |    `--+--‘Owenetta’ kitchingorumMD07
         |       `--Candelaria barbouriMD07
         `--Procolophonidae [Telerpetidae]MD07
              |  i. s.: BurtensiaMDS02
              |         Timanophon raridentatusMDS02, MD07
              |         AcadiellaMDS02
              |         HaligoniaMDS02
              |         KoiloskiosaurusMDS02
              |         NeoprocolophonMDS02
              |         EumetabolodonMDS02
              |         MicrotheledonMDS02
              |         MyocephalusMDS02
              |         MyognathusLR95
              |         PaoteodonLR95
              |         Sclerosaurus [Sclerosauridae]MD07
              |         TeratophonD-SMS06
              |--Coletta seca Gow 2000MD07, MDS02
              |--Pintosaurus Piñeiro et al. 2004D-SMS06
              |    `--*P. magnidentis Piñeiro et al. 2004D-SMS06
              `--+--Sauropareion anoplus Modesto et al. 2001MD07
                 `--+--SpondylolestinaeMDS02
                    |    |--Contritosaurus simusMD07
                    |    |--Spondylolestes rubidgeiMDS02
                    |    `--PhaanthosaurusMDS02
                    `--+--Thelerpeton oppressusMD07
                       |--+--Thelegnathus spinigenisMD07, MDS02
                       |  `--LeptopleuroninaeMD07
                       |       |  i. s.: Libognathus sheddiPSH17
                       |       |--Tichvinskia vjatkensisMD07
                       |       `--+--Scoloparia glyphanodonMD07
                       |          `--+--Leptopleuron lacertinumMD07
                       |             `--Hypsognathus Gilmore 1928MD07, D07
                       |                  `--H. fenneri Gilmore 1928B93
                       `--ProcolophoninaeSS02
                            |--OrenburgiaSS02
                            |--SamariaSS02
                            |--LestanshoriaSS02
                            |--Anomoiodon von Huene 1939SS02
                            |    `--A. liliensterni von Huene 1939SS02
                            |--Procolophon Owen 1876MD07, D-SMS06
                            |    |--P. brasiliensis Cisneros & Schultz 2002D-SMS06
                            |    |--P. pricei Lavina 1983D-SMS06
                            |    `--P. trigoniceps Owen 1876MD07
                            `--Kapes Ivakhnenko 1975SS02
                                 |--*K. amaenus Ivakhnenko 1975SS02
                                 |--K. bentoni Spencer & Storrs 2002SS02
                                 |--K. komiensis (Ivakhnenko 1975) [=Macrophon komiensis]SS02
                                 `--K. majmesculae (Ochev 1968) (see below for synonymy)SS02

Kapes majmesculae (Ochev 1968) [=Tichvinskia majmesculae; incl. K. serotinus Novikov 1991]^SS02

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B93] Benton, M. J. 1993. Reptilia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 681–715. Chapman & Hall: London.

[D-SMS06] Dias-da-Silva, S., S. P. Modesto & C. L. Schultz. 2006. New material of Procolophon (Parareptilia: Procolophonoidea) from the Lower Triassic of Brazil, with remarks on the ages of the Sanga do Cabral and Buena Vista formations of South America. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 43: 1685–1693.

[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.

[LR95] Laurin, M., & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165–223.

[MD07] Modesto, S. P., & R. Damiani. 2007. The procolophonoid reptile Sauropareion anoplus from the lowermost Triassic of South Africa. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (2): 337–349.

[MDS02] Modesto, S. P., R. J. Damiani & H.-D. Sues. 2002. A reappraisal of Coletta seca, a basal procolophonid reptile from the Lower Triassic of South Africa. Palaeontology 45 (5): 883–895.

[PSH17] Pardo, J. D., B. J. Small & A. K. Huttenlocker. 2017. Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (27): E5389–E5395.

[SO05] Sidor, C. A., F. R. O’Keefe, R. Damiani, J. S. Steyer, R. M. H. Smith, H. C. E. Larsson, P. C. Sereno, O. Ide & A. Maga. 2005. Permian tetrapods from the Sahara show climate-controlled endmism in Pangaea. Nature 434: 886–889.

[SS02] Spencer, P. S., & G. W. Storrs. 2002. A re-evaluation of small tetrapods from the Middle Triassic Otter Sandstone Formation of Devon, England. Palaeontology 45 (3): 447–467.

[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.

[WH78] Wang Z. & Huang R.-J. 1978. Triassic charophytes of Shaanxi. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 17 (3): 267–276.