Belongs within: Bivalvia.
Contains: Praecardioida, Chaenocardiidae, Lithodomus, Aviculidae, Daonella, Halobia, Condylocardiidae, Cardiniidae, Carditidae, Astartidae, Crassatellidae, Mytilidae, Nuculanoidea, Pectinida, Pterioida, Cyrtodontidae, Limopsoidea, Arcidae, Parallelodon.
The Pteriomorphia are an ecologically diverse subdivision of bivalves including such forms as scallops, oysters and mussels. Recent molecular analysis has supported a broad definition of the clade including the clades Nuculanoidea and Carditoida as well as prior exemplars of the Pteriomorphia (Plazzi et al. 2011). The fossil record of this clade may extend back to the Cambrian if Tuarangia represents an early example (Skelton & Benton 1993). Many subgroups of the pteriomorphs are characterised by attachment to their substrate with a byssus or cementation of one valve; other groups are free-living. Hinge morphology is diverse, especially with the inclusion of the heterodont Carditoida.
The Mytiloida, mussels, have the shell equivalve and inequilateral, with the beak close to the anterior end. Basal members include the Ordovician Modiolopsidae whose edentulous hinge has alternatively suggested relationships with the non-pteriomorphian Modiomorphoida. The Triassic Mysidiellidae similarly had an edentulous hinge on their ovate or trapezoidal shell. Whiteavesia is an Ordovician stem-mytiloid that retained a plesiomorphic duplivincular hinge (Carter 2004).
In other pteriomorphs, the beak is usually more median. A pair of triangular projections (auricles) may be present on either side of the beak. The Nuculanoidea and Arcida have taxodont dentition, historically regarded as primitive but suggested by the molecular phylogeny to be secondarily derived. Other groups have edentulous hinges or amorphous hinge teeth. As well as their taxodont dentition, the Arcida are distinguised by the structure of the byssus which is a long, unified strip rather than a bunch of individual threads as in other pteriomorphs (Morton 1996). They also combine a duplivincular ligament (with lamellar layers forming bands on the cardinal area of the valves) with a complex cross-lamellar shell structure (Cope 1996). Members of the superfamily Arcoidea typically have heavy, inflated, equivalve shells (Beesley et al. 1998).
The Carditoida are a clade of infaunal bivalves historically regarded as basal representatives of the Heterodonta. They possess a lucinoid-type hinge with two cardinal teeth in the left valve and three in the right valve. Members of this clade have a fossil record going back to the Ordovician. The Myophoricardiidae are a group of small, subtrigonal to trapezoidal bivalves of uncertain affinities from the Triassic period.
<==Pteriomorphia (see below for synonymy)GW02
|--Carditoida [Archiheterodonta, Carditoidea, Crassatellacea, Crassatelloidea]PC11
| | i. s.: CondylocardiidaeGW02
| | MyophoricardiidaeF99
| | |--Myophoriopsis keuperina (Quenstedt 1851) [=Pseudocorbula keuperina]F99
| | `--Pseudocorbula Philippi 1898F99
| | `--P. gregaria (Münster in Goldfuss 1837) [=Nucula gregaria, Myophoriopsis gregaria]F99
| | CardiniidaeBRW98
| |--CarditidaeTW07
| `--+--AstartidaeTW07
| `--CrassatellidaeTW07
|--Mytiloida [Heteromyaria, Isofilibranchia]GW02
| | i. s.: MysidiellidaeSB93
| | |--Protopis triptycha Kittl 1904SB93
| | `--MysidiellaSB93
| | |--M. aequilateralis (Stoppani 1865)SB93
| | |--M. cordillerana Newton 1987SB93
| | `--M. orientalis (Bittner 1891)SB93
| |--Mytiloidea [Mytilida]GW02
| | |--Whiteavesia Ulrich 1893Ca04
| | `--MytilidaeGW02
| `--Modiolopsidae [Modiolopsoidea]CS04
| |--Corallidomus Whitfield 1893CS04
| `--Modiolopsis Hall 1847W77
| |--M. orthonotaNU83
| |--M. pallasiG31
| |--M. teplofiG31
| `--M. yunnanensisBST02
`--+--NuculanoideaPC11
|--PectinidaPC11
`--+--PterioidaPC11
`--Arcida [Arcoida, Neotaxodonta, Prionodonta]PC11
| i. s.: CardiolidaeSB93
| |--Cardiobeleba lavina Kříž 1979SB93
| |--Cardiolinka concubina Kříž 1979SB93
| `--CardiolaT08
| |--C. agna Kříž 1979T08
| |--C. conformis Barrande 1881T08
| `--C. docens Barrande 1881T08
| Isoarca [Isoarcidae]SB93
| `--I. subspirata (Münster 1837)SB93
| PitchleridaeSB93
| |--Pitchleria Bittner 1894SB93
| | `--P. auingeri (Laube 1865)SB93
| `--Hoferia Bittner 1894SB93
| `--H. duplicata (Münster 1838)SB93
|--CyrtodontidaeBRW98
`--+--LimopsoideaSC04
`--ArcoideaCo04
|--ArcidaePC11
|--Catamarcaia Sanchez & Babin 1993C96 [CatamarcaiadaeCa04]
`--ParallelodonBRW98
Pteriomorphia incertae sedis:
Evyana baltica (Liljedahl 1989)Ca04
PraecardioidaSB93
Tuarangia MacKinnon 1982M12 [Tuarangiidae, TuarangioidaSB93]
|--T. gravgaerdensis Berg-Madsen 1987SB93
`--T. paparua MacKinnon 1982SB93
EligmidaeSB93
|--Eligmus rollandi (Douvillé 1907)SB93
|--Euphenax jamaicensis (Trechmann 1923)SB93
|--Nyadina (Exputens) llajasensis Clark 1934SB93
`--Pseudoheligmus morgani Douvillé 1904SB93
Plicatostylus [Plicatostylidae]SB93
`--P. gregarius Lupher & Packard 1930SB93
Leiopecten [Leiopectinidae]SB93
`--L. rectangularis Khalfin 1940SB93
AsoellidaeSB93
|--Etalia johnstoni Begg & Campbell 1985SB93
`--AsoellaSB93
|--A. confertoradiata (Tokuyama 1959)SB93
`--A. laevigata (Tokuyama 1959)SB93
Prospondylidae [Terquemiidae]TP02
| i. s.: ‘Placunopsis’ ostracina (von Schlotheim 1820)TP02, KL04
| ‘Placunopsis’ planaTP02
|--Palaeowaagia cooperi Newell & Boyd 1970SB93
|--Terquemia ostreiformisSB93
`--Newaagia Hertlein 1952W06
`--*N. obliqua (Münster 1841) [=Spondylus obliquus]W06
Permanomia [Permanomiidae]SB93
`--P. texanaSB93
ChaenocardiidaeSB93
LithodomusG79
AviculidaeG31
Halobiidae [Halobioidea]BRW98
|--DaonellaS04
`--HalobiaKI70
Pteriomorphia [Anisomyaria, Aviculacea, Byssifera, Eupteriomorphia, Filibranchia, Monomyaria, Mytilina, Ostracea, Ostreoida, Pteriina]GW02
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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