Pyraloidea

Belongs within: Obtectomera.
Contains: Nymphulinae, Pyraustinae, Spilomelinae, Odontiinae, Glaphyriinae, Musotiminae, Scopariinae, Crambinae, Schoenobiinae, Botys, Galleriinae, Pyralinae, Epipaschiinae, Chrysauginae, Anerastiini.

The Pyraloidea, snout moths, are a diverse group of moths bearing tympanic organs at the anterior of the abdomen. Members of this group may be divided into families based on the structure of these organs which are open in the Crambidae but almost closed in the Pyralidae. The tympani are reduced and not externally visible in the Lathrotelinae. Larvae are mostly herbivorous but some are predatory on other insects; some are even aquatic, living among submerged plants. Several species are economically important such as the meal moth Pyralis farinalis and the wax moth Galleria mellonella.

Subgroups of the Pyraloidea include the Phycitinae, a particularly diverse subfamily whose larvae are mostly leafrollers. Members of the tribe Phycitini have a developed proboscis and the scales of the medial tuft between the tympanal bullae are spread in a fan-tail (Horak 2003). The Cryptoblabini are characterised by lobes on the basal valve of the male genitalia. The Nearctic Cabniini have the antennae and proboscis reduced. The Hydrocampinae are often long-legged species associated with aquatic plants.

Within the Crambidae, the Cymbalomiinae lack chaetosemata, ocelli or a proboscis (Nielsen & Common 1991). The Midilinae are a primarily Neotropical group, some species of which are remarkably large for pyraloids. Acentropinae are relatively long-legged moths with aquatic larvae. Heliothela is an Old World genus of noctuid-like moths with largely black wings found in arid habitats. Noorda is an Old World genus in which the tympanal organs are retracted into the thorax so the tympana face backwards instead on anteroventrally.

Characters (Nielsen & Common 1991, for Pyralidae): Small to large; head smooth scaled, sometimes with anterior tuft; ocelli and chaetosemata present or absent; antennae filiform and ciliated, rarely uni- or bipectinate; proboscis densely scaled near base, sometimes reduced or vestigial; maxillary palps scaled, usually four-segmented, sometimes two- or three-segmented, rarely vestigial; labial palps porrect, beak-like, or ascending, especially in male, rarely reduced; epiphysis present, spurs 0-2-4, rarely 0-2-2; fore wing without chord and M stem in cell, with R₃ and R₄ stalked or coincident, M₂ approximated to M₃ at base. CuP rarely present, 1A+2A usually with large fork; hind wing of female with one to three frenular bristles, Sc+R₁ approximated to, or shortly fused with, Rs beyond discal cell, M₂ approximated to M₃ at base, CuA sometimes with basal pecten, CuP rarely absent, anal area large, with two anal veins; tympanal organs present at base of abdomen, coremata often present. Eggs of flat type, usually oval. Larva usually without secondary setae, prothorax with two L setae, crochets usually bi- or triordinal, in a circle or mesal penellipse, rarely uni- or biordinal in two transverse bands; in Nymphulinae larvae adapted for aquatic life, respiration by means of filamentous gills or plastron or cutaneously; in shelters of webbed leaves or shoots, or tunnels in shoots, stems, sead heads, fruits or galls, or in silken galleries among mosses, herbaceous plants, or fallen leaves, or in shelters or cases among aquatic plants in fresh water, or in stored products, or in nests of Hymenoptera, rarely predaceous on coccoids. Pupa with pilifers defined, maxillary palps present (except in Epipaschiinae), antennae long, abdomen without dorsal spines, cremaster present or absent; in Nymphulinae abdominal spiracles may be reduced in number; in silken cocoon or in larval shelter, not protruded at ecdysis.

<==Pyraloidea
    |  i. s.: BasongaMS99
    |         Mediavia discalisMS99
    |         Deuterollyta conspicualisMS99
    |         Tancoa calitasMS99
    |         Cacozelia basiochrealisMS99
    |         Eoparargyractis plevieMS99
    |--Crambidae [Crambites]NC91
    |    |  i. s.: Neargyria argyraspisP27
    |    |         Ubida ramostriellaP27
    |    |         CybalomiinaeLLN19
    |    |           |--Styphlolepis agenorNC91
    |    |           |--Cybalomia pentadalisMS99
    |    |           |--SchacontiaMS99
    |    |           `--StiphrometasiaMS99
    |    |         Lathrotelinae [Lathrotelidae]LLN19
    |    |         LinostaMS99 [LinostinaeLLN19]
    |    |           `--L. sinceralisMS99
    |    |         NymphulinaeMS99
    |    |         NiphopyralisNC91 [incl. WurthiaMS99; WurthiinaeMS99]
    |    |           |--N. chionesisNC91
    |    |           `--N. suffidalisMS99
    |    |         Catharia [Cathariinae]MS99
    |    |           `--C. pyrenaealisMS99
    |    |         Pseudoschinia elautalisMS99
    |    |         Sobanga rutilalisMS99
    |    |         Chalcoela pegasalisMS99 [=Dicymolomia pegasalisB37]
    |    |         Abegesta reluctalisMS99
    |    |         Pantographa acoetesalisMS99
    |    |         Liopasia andrealisMS99
    |    |--+--PyraustinaeLLN19
    |    |  `--SpilomelinaeLLN19
    |    `--+--Noorda [Noordinae]LLN19
    |       |    |--N. blitealisLLN19
    |       |    `--N. moringaVHK02
    |       `--+--+--OdontiinaeLLN19
    |          |  `--GlaphyriinaeLLN19
    |          `--+--+--Hoploscopa [Hoploscopini]LLN19
    |             |  `--MusotiminaeLLN19
    |             `--+--+--+--ScopariinaeLLN19
    |                |  |  `--CrambinaeLLN19
    |                |  `--Heliothela [Heliothelinae, Heliothelini]LLN19
    |                |       |--H. floricolaP27
    |                |       |--H. ophideresanaLLN19
    |                |       `--H. wulfenianaLLN19
    |                `--+--AcentropinaeLLN19
    |                   |    |--AcentropusRD77
    |                   |    |--Acentria ephemerellaLLN19
    |                   |    `--ElophilaLLN19
    |                   |         |--E. icciusalisKP19
    |                   |         `--E. nymphaeataLLN19
    |                   `--+--SchoenobiinaeLLN19
    |                      `--MidilinaeLLN19
    |                           |--Cacographis osteolalisMS99
    |                           |--Eupastranaia fenestrataMS99
    |                           |--HositeaMS99
    |                           |--DismidilaMS99
    |                           `--MidilaLLN19
    |                                |--M. daphneLLN19
    |                                `--M. halia Druce 1900D00
    `--Pyralidae [Botydidae, Pyralididae]GE05
         |  i. s.: BotyodesA71
         |         FilodesA71
         |         PioneaA71
         |           |--P. bifascialis Guénée 1849E12
         |           |--P. conquistalis Guénée 1849E12
         |           |--P. forficalisL49
         |           |--P. margaritalisL49
         |           `--P. politalisL49
         |         TypsanodesA71
         |         Balaenifrons ochrochroaKN03
         |         Upiga virescensGE05
         |         EurrhyperiaGE05
         |         MunroessaGE05
         |         Dicymdomia julianalisGE05
         |         MetoecisGE05
         |         Homochroa Hübner 1825NO08
         |         Deanolis sublimbalisMHG04
         |         Arimania komaroffiYS10
         |         Aetholix flavibasalisZS10
         |         Pygospila tyresZS10
         |         Hapalia machaeralisG84, VHK02
         |         Mampava rhodoneuraG84
         |         EurrhyparaV09
         |           |--E. hortulataV09
         |           `--E. urticataF92
         |         Myelois circumvolutaV09
         |         BotysP01
         |         Eurycreon sticticalisP01
         |         Mimaglossa nauplialisNC91
         |         Pachyarches psittacalis [=Margarodes psittacalis]M86a
         |         Archernis Meyrick 1886M86a
         |           `--*A. callixantha Meyrick 1886M86a
         |         SemiocerosM86a
         |         Nosophora ochnodes Meyrick 1886M86a
         |         BalanotisL90
         |           |--B. arctandalis Lucas 1890L90
         |           |--B. carinentalisL90
         |           |--B. didymalisL90
         |           `--B. recurvalis [=Salma recurvalis; incl. Crambus melanospilellus, Exacosmia rubiginosa]M86b
         |         Aletes Rafinesque 1815N47
         |         Glendotricha olgae Kuznetsov 1941P92
         |         Amyelois transitellaKP19
         |         Beebea guglielmiPP72
         |         SpilodesCl1890
         |           |--S. aeruginalisC1890
         |           `--S. palealis [incl. Pyralis selenalis]L49
         |         Centropseustis Meyrick 1890M90
         |           `--*C. astrapora Meyrick 1890M90
         |         CledeobiaM90
         |           |--C. angustalisL49
         |           |--C. bombycalisL49
         |           |--C. connectalisL49
         |           |--C. interjunctalis Guénée 1849E12
         |           |--C. luridalisL49
         |           |--C. moldavicaMS99
         |           `--C. morbidalis Guénée 1849E12 [=Cleodobia (l. c.) morbidalisL49]
         |         Diplopseustis perieralisM90, L27
         |         MargarostichaPH10
         |           |--M. euprepialisPH10
         |           `--M. repetitalisPH10
         |         Asopia farinalis [incl. Agrotera pyralis]L49
         |         Arnia Guénée 1849L49, E12
         |           `--*A. nervosalis Guénée 1849L49, E12
         |         Oneida luniferellaMS99
         |         Parachma ochracealisMS99
         |         Casuaria catocalisMS99
         |         Carthara abruptaMS99
         |--GalleriinaeNC91
         |--PyralinaeNC91
         |--EpipaschiinaeH03
         |--ChrysauginaeC70
         |--Hydrocampinae [Hydrocampidae]H01
         |    |--Hydreuretis sacadalis [=Hydrocampa sacadalis, Hydro. sacadusalis]M90
         |    |--Tetrernia Meyrick 1890M90
         |    |    `--*T. teminitis Meyrick 1890M90
         |    `--HydrocampaE12
         |         |--H. algiralis Guénée 1849E12
         |         |--H. lemnalisL49
         |         |--H. nymphaealisL49
         |         `--H. verticalisF92
         `--Phycitinae [Phycitidae]H03
              |  i. s.: TylocharesH03
              |         Meyrickiella homosemaH03
              |         EtiellaH03
              |           |--E. behriiNC91
              |           `--E. zinckenellaMS99
              |         AddymeH03
              |         IndomalayiaH03
              |         Vinicia macrotaH03
              |         MetephestiaH03
              |         Ectomyelois ceratoniaeH03, CK15
              |         EphestiaH03
              |           |--E. bipunctella Hampson 1901H01
              |           |--E. cautella Wlk. 1863H01
              |           |--E. elutellaNC91
              |           |--E. figulilellaC70
              |           |--E. kuehniellaNC91
              |           `--E. scotella Hampson 1900JG19
              |         HomoeosomaP27
              |           |--H. formacellaP27
              |           |--H. longiventrellaH01
              |           `--H. vagellaG84
              |         Sclerobia tritalis (Walker 1863)K66 (see below for synonymy)
              |         Crocydopora cinigerella [=Nephopteryx cinigerella; incl. N. stenopterella Meyr. 1878]M86b
              |         Delogenes limodoxaP27
              |         EpicrocisM86b
              |           |--E. oppositalis [=Trachonitis oppositalis; incl. Pempelia caliginosella Meyr. 1879]M86b
              |           |--E. patulalis [=Nephopteryx patulalis; incl. Pempelia rufitinctella Meyr. 1878]M86b
              |           `--E. sublignalis [=Trachonitis sublignalis; incl. Pempelia strigiferella Meyr. 1878]M86b
              |         Olycella subumbrellumC1990
              |         NephopteryxP01
              |           |--N. argyrellaP01
              |           |--N. ephestiella Hampson 1901H01
              |           |--N. janthinellaP01
              |           `--N. pirivorellaF92
              |         Plodia interpunctellaNC91
              |         Cactoblastis cactorumNC91
              |         Hypargyria metalliferellaNC91
              |         Creobota coccophthoraNC91
              |         CadraNC91
              |           |--C. cautellaNC91
              |           `--C. figulilellaNC91
              |         Hypsipyla robustaC70
              |         Eurythmia hospitellaH01
              |         UnadillaH01
              |           |--U. latercula Zell in Hampson 1901H01
              |           `--U. stictella Hampson 1901H01
              |         EphestiodesH01
              |           |--E. granulella Hampson 1901H01
              |           `--E. uniformella Hampson 1901H01
              |         Encystia Hampson 1901H01
              |           `--*E. bonhoti Hampson 1901H01
              |         Laetilia coccidivoraH01
              |         ElasmopalpusH01
              |           |--E. lignosellusGW09
              |           `--E. rubedinellus Zell 1848H01
              |         Stylopalpia Hampson 1901H01
              |           `--*S. luniferella Hampson 1901H01
              |         Lipographis subossellaH01
              |         PalatkaNS96
              |           |--P. nymphaeellaNS96
              |           `--P. powelli Neunzig & Solis 1996NS96
              |         ChararicaN96
              |           |--C. circiimperfecta Neunzig 1996N96
              |           `--C. hystriculellaN96
              |         AptungaN96
              |           |--A. culmenicola Neunzig 1996N96
              |           |--A. macropasaN96
              |           |--A. setadebilia Neunzig 1996N96
              |           `--A. vega Neunzig 1996N96
              |         MoodnaN96
              |           |--M. antilleana Neunzig 1996N96
              |           `--M. pallidostrinellaN96
              |         CaudelliaN96
              |           |--C. claraN96
              |           `--C. pilosa Neunzig 1996N96
              |         VarneriaN96
              |           |--V. albiornatella Neunzig 1996N96
              |           |--V. atrifasciellaN96
              |           |--V. dubiaN96
              |           |--V. nannodesN96
              |           `--V. postremellaN96
              |         OzamiaN96
              |           |--O. lucidalisN96
              |           `--O. plagata Neunzig 1996N96
              |         DioryctriaN96
              |           |--D. dominguensis Neunzig 1996N96
              |           |--D. majorellaN96
              |           |--D. merkeliN96
              |           |--D. postmajorella Neunzig 1996N96
              |           |--D. rossiMS99
              |           `--D. xanthaenobaresG17
              |         DasypygaN96
              |           |--D. alternosquamellaN96
              |           |--D. belizensisN96
              |           `--D. independencia Neunzig 1996N96
              |         LascelinaN96
              |           |--*L. canensN96
              |           `--L. pedernalensis Neunzig 1996N96
              |         Zamagiria rawlinsi Neunzig 1996N96
              |         CaristaniusN96
              |           |--C. pellucidellusN96
              |           `--C. tripartitus Neunzig 1996N96
              |         Anegcephalesis arctellaN96
              |         PiesmopodaR89
              |           |--P. auropurpurella Ragonot 1889R89
              |           |--P. columnellaR89
              |           |--P. laidionR89
              |           `--P. mimella Ragonot 1889R89
              |         Palibothra Ragonot 1889R89
              |           `--*P. fuscogrisella Ragonot 1889R89
              |         SalebriaR89
              |           |--S. euzopherella Ragonot 1889R89
              |           |--S. formosaR89
              |           |--S. marmorataF92
              |           |--S. moestella Ragonot 1889R89
              |           `--S. morosalisR89
              |         LaodamiaR89
              |           |--L. aenochroellaR89
              |           `--L. pernigerella Ragonot 1889R89
              |         SigmarthriaR89
              |           |--S. aspiciella Ragonot 1889R89
              |           `--S. palpellaR89
              |         Papua Ragonot 1889R89
              |           `--*P. latilimbella Ragonot 1889R89
              |         HeosphoraM90
              |           |--H. chlorogramma Meyrick 1890M90
              |           `--H. virginellaM90
              |         EuzopheraBM12
              |           |--E. gigantellaBM12
              |           `--E. strigalis Barnes & McDunnough 1912BM12
              |         Anagasta kuehniellaMS99
              |         ParamyeloisMS99
              |         HulstiaMS99
              |--Cabnia [Cabniini]H03
              |--AnerastiiniH03
              |--Cryptoblabes [Cryptoblabini]H03
              |    `--C. gnidiellaF92
              `--Phycitini [Acrobasina, Phycitina]H03
                   |--PhycitaH01
                   |    |--P. laidionH01
                   |    `--P. ptyonopodaH01
                   `--AcrobasisH03
                        |--A. consociellaF92
                        |--A. pyrivorellaKN03
                        `--A. tumidanaF92

Sclerobia tritalis (Walker 1863)^K66 [=Hypochalcia tritalis^K66, Eucarphia tritalis^M86b, Hypochalchia (l. c.) tritalis^K66, Sclerobia tritialis (l. c.)^K66; incl. Eucarphia cnephaeella Meyr. 1879^M86b, E. vulgatella Meyrick 1878^M86b]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

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[B37] Balduf, W. V. 1937. Bionomic notes on the common bagworm, Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis Haw., (Lepid., Psychidae) and its insect enemies (Hym., Lepid.). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (7): 169–184.

[BM12] Barnes, W., & J. McDunnough. 1912. New species and genera of North American Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 44 (4): 122–127.

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[GW09] Gaimari, S. D., & D. W. Webb. 2009. Therevidae (stiletto flies). In: Brown, B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N. E. Woodley & M. A. Zumbado (eds) Manual of Central American Diptera vol. 1 pp. 633–647. NRC Research Press: Ottawa.

[G84] Gauld, I. D. 1984. An Introduction to the Ichneumonidae of Australia. British Museum (Natural History).

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[K66] Koch, L. E. 1966. The genus Hednota Meyrick (Lepidoptera; Pyralidae, Crambinae) in the south-west of Western Australia, with particular reference to economic webworm species. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 49 (4): 93–116.

[KN03] Komai, F., & Y. Nasu. 2003. Four species of Olethreutinae (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) associated with viviparous seedlings of the mangrove Rhizophoraceae in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 75–87.

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