Belongs within: Pezizales.
The Pyronemataceae are a group of fungi that are typically saprobic on soil or rotting wood, or mycorrhizal (Kirk et al. 2001).
Characters (Kirk et al. 2001): Ascomata apothecial or cleistothecial, sometimes on a well-developed hyphal mat, formed from clustered antheridia and ascogonia, small to large, discoid, cupulate or pulvinate, sessile or shortly stipitate, often brightly coloured due to carotenoid pigments, sometimes with hyaline or dark spinose hairs surrounding hymenium; sometimes coalescing, if cleistothecial usually large, hypogeous or emergent, thick-walled, hollow, solid or chambered. Interascal tissue of simple or branched paraphyses, sometimes swollen and pigmented at apices. Asci more or less cylindrical, persistent, operculate, not blueing in iodine, with complex ascal pores, sometimes more or less globose in cleistothecial taxa. Ascospores usually ellipsoidal, hyaline or brown, smooth or ornamented, without a sheath, uninucleate, nonseptate, guttulate or not. Anamorphs hyphomycetous where known.
<==Pyronemataceae [Aleuriaceae, Geneaceae, Humariaceae]EB03O
|--Pyronema Carus 1835JK06, KC01 [incl. Phycoascus Møller 1901KC01]
| `--P. domesticumJK06
`--+--Lasiobolidium Malloch & Cain 1971SS09, KC01
| `--L. spiraleSS09
`--+--+--Aleuria Fuckel 1870SS09, KC01 [incl. Peziza Fuckel 1870 nec L. 1753 nec Fr. 1822KC01]
| | `--A. aurantiaSS09
| `--Cheilymenia Boud. 1885SS09, KC01 [incl. Coprobia Boud. 1885KC01]
| `--C. stercoreaSS09
`--+--Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte 1887 (nom. cons.)SS09, KC01 (see below for synonymy)
| |--‘Lachnea’ jungneriSS16
| |--‘Lachnea’ luridaSS16
| |--‘Lachnea’ lusatiaeSS16
| |--‘Lachnea’ macrothelis Sydow & Sydow 1916SS16
| `--S. scutellataSS09 [=Lachnea scutellataSS16]
`--Anthracobia Boud. 1885SS09, KC01
`--A. macrocystisSS09
Pyronemataceae incertae sedis:
Acervus Kanouse 1938 [incl. Phaedropezia Le Gal 1953]KC01
Aleurina Massee 1898 [incl. Jafneadelphus Rifai 1968]KC01
Aparaphysaria Speg. 1922KC01
Arpinia Berthet 1974KC01
Ascocalathium Eidam ex Schröt. 1893KC01
Ascosparassis Kobayasi 1960KC01
Boubovia Svrček 1977KC01
Boudierella Sacc. 1895KC01
Chalazion Dissing & Sivertsen 1975EB03O, KC01
`--C. helveticumEB03N
Cleistothelebolus Malloch & Cain 1971EB03O, KC01
Dictyocoprotus Krug & Khan 1991KC01
Eoaleurina Korf & Zhuang 1986KC01
Filicupula Yao & Spooner 1996EB03O, KC01
Galeoscypha Svrček & Moravec 1989KC01
Geneosperma Rafai 1968KC01
Geopora Harkn. 1885 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Geopyxis (Pers.) Sacc. 1889KC01
Hiemsia Svrček 1969KC01
Humaria Fuckel 1870 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Hydnocystis Tul. 1844 [incl. Protogenea Kobayasi 1963]KC01
Hypotarzetta Donadini 1985KC01
Jafnea Korf 1960KC01
Kotlabaea Svrček 1969KC01
Lamprospora De Not. 1863 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Lathraeodiscus Dissing & Sivertsen 1989KC01
Lazuardia Rifai 1988KC01
Leucoscypha Boud. 1885KC01
Luciotrichus Galán & Raitv. 1995KC01
Melastiza Boud. 1885KC01
Miladina Svrček 1972 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Moravecia Benkert, Caillet & Moyne 1987KC01
Mycogalopsis Gjurašin 1925KC01
Neottiella (Cooke) Sacc. 1889 [=Neottiopezis Clem. 1903]KC01
Nothojafnea Rifai 1968KC01
Octospora Hedw. 1789 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Otideopsis Liu & Cao 1987KC01
Oviascoma Yao & Spooner 1996KC01
Parascutellinia Svrček 1975KC01
Paratrichophaea Trigaux 1985KC01
Paurocotylis Berk. ex Hook. f. 1855KC01
Petchiomyces Fisch. & Mattir. 1938KC01
Phaeangium Pat. 1894 [=Angiophaeum Sacc. 1898]KC01
Pseudaleuria Lusk 1987KC01
Pseudombrophila Boud. 1885 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--P. petrakiiY03
`--‘Ramulina’ yemensisB15
Psilopezia Berk. 1847 [=Pilopeza Fr. 1849; incl. Fleischhakia Rabenh. 1878 non Auersw. 1869]KC01
Pulvinula Boud. 1885 (nom. cons.) [incl. Pulparia Karst. 1871 (nom. rej.)]KC01
Pyropyxis Egger 1984KC01
Ramsbottomia Buckley 1923KC01
Rhizoblepharia Rifai 1968KC01
Rhodoscypha Dissing & Sivertsen 1983KC01
Rhodotarzetta Dissing & Sivertsen 1983KC01
Smardaea Svrček 1969 [incl. Greletia Donadini 1980]KC01
Sphaerosporella (Svrček) Svrček & Kubička 1961KC01
Spooneromyces Schumach. & Moravec 1989KC01
Stephensia Tul. 1851 [incl. Densocarpa Gilkey 1954, Elderia McLennan 1961]KC01
Tarzetta (Cooke) Lambotte 1888KC01 (see below for synonymy)
Tricharina Eckblad 1968 [=Tricharia Boud. 1885 non Fée 1825; incl. Ascorhizoctonia Yang & Korf 1985]KC01
Trichophaea Boud. 1885 [incl. Dichobotrys Hennebert 1973]KC01
Trichophaeopsis Korf & Erb 1972KC01
Warcupia Paden & Cameron 1972KC01
WenyingiaEB03O
Wilcoxina Yang & Korf 1985KC01
Octosporella Döbbeler 1980 non Ray & Ragavachari 1942 (ICZN)KC01
|--O. hemicrypta (Döbbeler) Döbbeler 1979 [=Pseudonectria hemicrypta]RS99
|--O. jungermanniarum (Crouan & Crouan) Döbbeler 1979 [=Nectria jungermanniarum]RS99
|--O. perforata (Döbbeler) Döbbeler 1979 [=Pseudonectria perforata]RS99
`--O. suboperculata (Döbbeler & James) Döbbeler 1979 [=Pseudonectria suboperculata]RS99
Otidea (Pers.) Bonord. 1851 (see below for synonymy)KC01
`--O. onoticaLK04
Byssonectria Karst. 1881 [incl. Pseudocollema Kanouse & Sm. 1940]KC01
Genea Vittad. 1831 (see below for synonymy)KC01
Inermisia Rifai 1968 [incl. Discomycetella Sanwal 1953]IC01
`--I. aggregataJKW03
Sowerbyella Nannf. 1938 non Jones 1928 (ICZN)KC01
Sphaeriopsis Geyl. 1887KC01
Sphaerosoma Klotzsch 1839 [incl. Sphaerozosma Corda 1842]KC01
Genea Vittad. 1831 [incl. Genabea Tul. & Tul. 1884, Hydnocaryon Wallr. 1833, Myrmecocystis Harkn. 1899, Pseudogenea Buchholz 1901]KC01
Geopora Harkn. 1885 [incl. Pseudhydnotrya Fisch. 1897, Pseudohydnotrya Fisch. 1897, Sepultaria (Cooke) Boud. 1885]KC01
Humaria Fuckel 1870 [=Lachnea Boud. 1885 nec L. 1753 nec (Fr.) Gillet 1879, Mycolachnea Maire 1937; incl. Leucopezis Clem. 1909]KC01
Lamprospora De Not. 1863 [incl. Barlaea Sacc. 1889 non Rchb. 1876, Barlaeina Sacc. & Syd. 1899, Crouania Fuckel 1870 non Agardh 1842]KC01
Miladina Svrček 1972 [incl. Actinospora Ingold 1952 non Turcz. 1835, Actinosporella Descals, Marvanová & Webster 1999]KC01
Octospora Hedw. 1789 [=Humaria (Fr.) Boud. 1885 non Fuckel 1870, Humarina Seaver 1927, Leucoloma Fuckel 1870 non Brid. 1827]KC01
Otidea (Pers.) Bonord. 1851 [incl. Cochlearia (Cooke) Lambotte 1888 non L. 1753, Flavoscypha Harmaja 1974, Pseudotis (Boud.) Boud. 1907]KC01
Pseudombrophila Boud. 1885 [incl. Fimaria Velen. 1934, Nannfeldtiella Eckblad 1968, Ramulina Velen. 1947 nec Jones in Wright 1875 (ICZN) non Thurm. 1863, Svrcekomyces Moravec 1976]KC01
Scutellinia (Cooke) Lambotte 1887 (nom. cons.)SS09, KC01 [=Ciliaria Quél. 1885 non Stackh. 1809KC01, Patella Wigg. ex Seaver 1928 (nom. rej.) non Linnaeus 1758 (ICZN)KC01; incl. Humariella Schröt. 1893KC01, Lachnea (Fr.) Gillet 1879 non L. 1753KC01, Melastiziella Svrček 1948KC01, Rubelia Nieuwl. 1916KC01, Sphaerospora (Sacc.) Sacc. 1889 non Klatt 1864KC01, Sphaerosporula Kuntze 1898KC01, Stereolachnea Höhn. 1917KC01, Trichaleurina Rehm 1903KC01, Trichaleuris Clem. 1909KC01]
Tarzetta (Cooke) Lambotte 1888KC01 [=TazzettaEB03N; incl. Pustularia Fuckel 1870 nec Swainson 1840 (ICZN) nec Bonord. 1851 nec Gray 1858 (ICZN)KC01, Pustulina Eckblad 1968 nec Quenstedt 1857 (ICZN) nec Cooper 1942 (ICZN)KC01]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[EB03N] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, T. Laessøe & G. Rambold (eds.) 2003. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 3580–3623. Myconet 9: 91–103.
[EB03O] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.
[JKW03] Jacobs, K., T. Kirisits & M. J. Wingfield. 2003. Taxonomic re-evaluation of three related species of Graphium, based on morphology, ecology and phylogeny. Mycologia 95 (4): 714–727.
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[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
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[RS99] Rossman, A. Y., G. J. Samuels, C. T. Rogerson & R. Lowen. 1999. Genera of Bionectriaceae, Hypocreaceae and Nectriaceae (Hypocreales, Ascomycetes). Studies in Mycology 42: 1–248.
[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.
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