Belongs within: Neuropterida.
Contains: Baissopteridae, Mesoraphidiidae, Raphidiidae.
The Raphidioptera, snakeflies, are a Holarctic group of predatory insects characterised by a remarkably elongate pronotum giving a appearance of a distinct ‘neck’.
Characters (from Aspöck & Aspöck 1991): Mandibulate, endopterygote Neoptera; antennae multisegmented; compound eyes always present; ocelli present only in Raphidiidae; prothorax elongate; with two pairs of subequal wings; ovipositor long. Larvae terrestrial; with biting mouth-parts and lateral ocelli. Pupae decticous.
<==Raphidioptera [Raphidiida, Raphidiodea]
| i. s.: Archiinocellia Handlirsch 1910E02
| `--*A. oligoneura Handlirsch 1910E02
| Arariperaphidia Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1989E02
| `--*A. rochai Martins-Neto & Vulcano 1989E02
| Erma Navás 1918 [Ermidae]S63
|--PriscaenigmatomorphaEWB18
| |--ChrysoraphidiidaeEWB18
| `--PriscaenigmatidaeAA04
| |--Priscaenigma Whalley 1985AA04
| | `--*P. obtusa Whalley 1985E02
| `--Hondelagia Bode 1953E02
| `--*H. reticulata Bode 1953 [=Mesoraphidia reticulata]E02
`--RaphidiomorphaE02
|--JuroraphidiidaeEWB18
`--+--BaissopteridaeGE05
`--+--MesoraphidiidaeGE05
|--AlloraphidiidaeGE05
| |--Pararaphidia Willmann 1994E02
| | |--P. deserta (Ponomarenko 1988) [=Alloraphidia deserta]E02
| | `--P. vitimica (Martynova 1961) [=Proraphidia vitimica, Alloraphidia vitimica]E02
| |--Archeraphidia Ponomarenko 1988E02
| | |--*A. yakowlewi Ponomarenko 1988E02
| | |--A. baisensis Ponomarenko 1993E02
| | `--A. hosbayari Ponomarenko 1988E02
| `--Alloraphidia Carpenter 1967E02
| |--*A. dorfi Carpenter 1967E02
| |--A. anomala Ren 1997E02
| |--A. asiatica Ponomarenko 1993E02
| `--A. petrosa Ponomarenko 1988E02
`--Raphidioidea [Neoraphidioptera, Raphidiina]AA04
|--RaphidiidaeAA04
`--InocelliidaeAA04
| i. s.: Parainocellia Aspöck & Aspöck 1968AA04
| |--P. bicolorWHW10
| `--P. ressliAA91
| Electrinocellia Engel 1995E02
| `--*E. peculiaris (Carpenter 1956) [=Inocellia peculiaris]E02
| Succinofibla Aspöck & Aspöck 2004AA04
| `--*S. aperta Aspöck & Aspöck 2004AA04
| Sininocellia Yang 1985AA04
|--Negha Navás 1916VM20, AA04
| `--N. meridionalisTW05
`--+--Inocellia Schneider 1843VM20, AA04
| |--I. crassicornisVM20
| `--I. japonicaVM20
`--Fibla Navás 1915 [incl. Burcha Navás 1915, Estoca Navás 1919]E02
| i. s.: F. erigena (Menge 1856)AA04 [=Raphidia erigenaAA04, R. (Inocellia) erigenaE02]
| F. exusta (Cockerell & Custer 1925)AA04 [=Inocellia exustaE02]
| F. maclachlani (Albarda 1891)VM20, E02 (see below for synonymy)
| ‘*Estoca’ peyerimhoffi Navás 1919E02
|--F. (Fibla)AA04
| |--*F. (F.) hesperica Navás 1915E02
| `--F. (F.) carpenteri Engel 1995AA04
`--F. (Reisserella) Aspöck & Aspöck 1971 [incl. Miofibla Nel 1993]E02
|--F. (*R.) pasiphae Aspöck & Aspöck 1971 [=Inocellia (R.) pasiphae]E02
`--F. (R.) cerdanica (Nel 1993) [=Miofibla cerdanica]E02
Fibla maclachlani (Albarda 1891)VM20, E02 [=Inocellia maclachlaniE02, *Burcha maclachlaniE02]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AA91] Aspöck, H., & U. Aspöck. 1991. Raphidioptera (snake-flies, camelneck-flies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers vol. 1 pp. 521–524. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[AA04] Aspöck, U., & H. Aspöck. 2004. Two significant new snakeflies from Baltic amber, with discussion on autapomorphies of the order and its included taxa (Raphidioptera). Systematic Entomology 29: 11–19.
[E02] Engel, M. S. 2002. The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): a new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalogue of fossil snakeflies. American Museum Novitates 3363: 1–22.
[EWB18] Engel, M. S., S. L. Winterton & L. C. V. Breitkreuz. 2018. Phylogeny and evolution of Neuropterida: where have wings of lace taken us? Annual Review of Entomology 63: 531–551.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[S63] Steinmann, H. 1963. Raphidiopterological studies I. Navasana gen. n. from Hungary, Harraphidia gen. n. from Morocco, new Lesna Nav. and Subilla Nav. species from Europe. Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 9 (1–2): 183–198.
[TW05] Terry, M. D., & M. F. Whiting. 2005. Mantophasmatodea and phylogeny of the lower neopterous insects. Cladistics 21: 240–257.
[VM20] Vasilikopoulos, A., B. Misof, K. Meusemann, D. Lieberz, T. Flouri, R. G. Beutel, O. Niehuis, T. Wappler, J. Rust, R. S. Peters, A. Donath, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Mayer, D. Bartel, A. Böhm, S. Liu, P. Kapli, C. Greve, J. E. Jepson, X. Liu, X. Zhou, H. Aspöck & U. Aspöck. 2020. An integrative phylogenomic approach to elucidate the evolutionary history and divergence times of Neuropterida (Insecta: Holometabola). BMC Evolutionary Biology 20: 64.
[WHW10] Winterton, S. L., N. B. Hardy & B. M. Wiegmann. 2010. On wings of lace: phylogeny and Bayesian divergence time estimates of Neuropterida (Insecta) based on morphological and molecular data. Systematic Entomology 35: 349–378.