Belongs within: Batrachosauria.
Contains: Captorhinidae, Diapsida, Parareptilia.
The Reptilia are a group of mostly terrestrial vertebrates traditionally recognised as including those vertebrates with a body covering of keratinous scales or scutes, such as lizards, snakes, crocodiles and turtles. It is widely realised that Reptilia in this sense is paraphyletic, and some have therefore recommended abandoning the name entirely. As used here, the Reptilia are essentially all animals more closely related to modern reptiles (including birds) than to mammals. Some would restrict ‘Reptilia’ to the crown clade therein, and use ‘Sauropsida’ for the total group. However, the uncertain phylogenetic position of turtles means that the scope of ‘Reptilia’ may differ significantly between authors under such a definition: turtles may belong in the Eureptilia, derived from within the Diapsida, or they may be derived among the Parareptilia.
Also subject to revision has been the position of the Lower Permian aquatic Mesosauridae. Laurin & Reisz (1995) placed them outside the Eureptilia + Parareptilia clade but an improved description of the skull material of Mesosaurus tenuidens by Modesto (2006) supported recognising mesosaurs as sister to the parareptiles. The Bolosauridae were bipedal herbivores found in the Permian of Eurasia and North America.
The Eureptilia are defined as a clade by reduction in the skull bones, with the postorbital not reaching the supratemporal and the supratemporal small (Laurin & Reisz 1995).
Synapomorphies (Laurin & Reisz 1995, for ‘Sauropsida’): Maxilla separated from quadratojugal by jugal; ventral margin of postorbital region of skull rectilinear; single coronoid present; femoral shaft long and slender; single pedal centrale present.
<==Reptilia [Euryapsida, Reptiles, Romeriidae, Sauropsida, Testudinomorpha]
|--Eureptilia [Protorothyridae, Protorothyrididae]MA04
| |--CoelostegusMR06
| `--+--+--ThuringothyrisMR06
| | `--CaptorhinidaeM06
| `--RomeriidaMA04
| |--BrouffiaMR06
| `--+--Paleothyris Carroll 1969MR06, LR95
| | `--P. acadiana Carroll 1969RCQ03
| `--+--Hylonomus Dawson 1860MR06, D07
| | `--H. lyelli Dawson 1860B93
| `--+--DiapsidaMR06
| `--+--Protorothyris archeri Price 1937MR06, SC18
| |--CephalerpetonMR06
| `--AnthracodromeusMR06
`--Proganosauria [Anapsida]M06
| i. s.: BolosauridaeTT05
| |--Davletkulia gigantea Ivakhnenko 1990 (n. d.)TT05
| |--Bolosaurus striatus Cope 1878LR95, B93
| `--BelebeyTT05
| |--B. maximi Tverdokhlebova 1987TT05
| `--B. vegrandis Ivakhnenko 1973TT05
|--ParareptiliaM06
`--MesosauridaeM06
|--BrazilosaurusM06
|--Stereosternum tumidumM06
`--Mesosaurus Gervais 1864D07
|--M. brasiliensisD07
|--M. tenuidens Gervais 1865B93
`--M. timidumD07
Reptilia incertae sedis:
Glauconia Gray 1845BR05
AphaniotisM89
|--A. acutirostris Modigliani 1889M89
`--A. fusca (Peters 1864) [=Otocryptis fusca]M89
Gonyocephalus grandisM89
SimotesM89
|--S. labuanensis [incl. S. affinis Fischer 1885]M89
`--S. octolineatusM89
Compsosoma melanurumM89
Chrysopelea ornataM89
Dryophis prasinaM89
Amblycephalus [Amblycephalidae]M89
|--A. boaM89
|--A. monticolaB00
`--A. vertebralis Boulenger 1900B00
Pseudorhabdion longicepsM89
AblabesM89
|--A. baliodirusM89
`--A. ornatusM89
Hypsirhina albomaculataM89
Zapyrus fuscusM89
OphitesM89
|--O. albofuscusM89
`--O. subcinctusM89
CallophisM89
|--C. flavicepsM89
`--C. intestinalisM89
LacertulusE88
AenigmatosaurusE88
Protolacerta Casamiquela 1975E88
Macrornis Seeley 1866M02
`--*M. tanaupus Seeley 1866M02
AlgyroidesK08
|--A. fitzingeriM55
`--A. nigropunctatusK08
Leptorhynchus Clift 1828Z94
Praeornis sharovi (Rautian 1978)U93
LiocephalusB01
|--L. aculeatusB01
|--L. erythrogasterB01
|--L. rhodogaster Boulenger 1901B01
`--L. scapularis Boulenger 1901B01
Eocaptorhinus platycepsR93
Gordonia Newton 1892P73
Hydrablabes periopsS02
AgrophisS02
|--A. albonuchalis [=Geophis albonuchalis, Xylophis albonuchalis]S02
`--A. saravacensis Shelford 1901S02
IdiopholisS02
|--I. collarisS02
`--I. everetti Shelford 1901S02
Perracca [=Perraca (l. c.)]S02
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B93] Benton, M. J. 1993. Reptilia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 681–715. Chapman & Hall: London.
[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.
[B00] Boulenger, G. A. 1900. Descriptions of new reptiles from Perak, Malay Peninsula. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 306–308.
[B01] Boulenger, G. A. 1901. Further descriptions of new reptiles collected by Mr. P. O. Simons in Peru and Bolivia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 546–549.
[D07] Dixon, D. 2007. The Complete Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs & Prehistoric Creatures. Hermes House: London.
[E88] Evans, S. E. 1988. The early history and relationships of the Diapsida. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods vol. 1. Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds pp. 221–260. Clarendon Press: Oxford.
[K08] Korsós, Z. 2008. History of the Herpetological Collection of the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 37–93.
[LR95] Laurin, M., & R. R. Reisz. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 113: 165–223.
[M55] Mertens, R. 1955. Die Amphibien und Reptilien der Insel Elba. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 287–296.
[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.
[M06] Modesto, S. P. 2006. The cranial skeleton of the Early Permian aquatic reptile Mesosaurus tenuidens: implications for relationships and palaeobiology. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 146: 345–368.
[MA04] Modesto, S. P., & J. S. Anderson. 2004. The phylogenetic definition of Reptilia. Systematic Biology 53 (5): 815–821.
[M89] Modigliani, E. 1889. Materiali per la fauna erpetologica dell’isola Nias. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 113–124.
[MR06] Müller, J., & R. R. Reisz. 2006. The phylogeny of early eureptiles: comparing parsimony and Bayesian approaches in the investigation of a basal fossil clade. Systematic Biology 55 (3): 503–511.
[P73] Pont, A. C. 1973. Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 21: 129–296.
[R93] Rieppel, O. 1993. Patterns of diversity in the reptilian skull. In: Hanken, J., & B. K. Hall (eds) 1993. The Skull vol. 2. Patterns of Structural and Systematic Diversity pp. 344–390. The University of Chicago Press.
[RCQ03] Ruta, M., M. I. Coates & D. L. J. Quicke. 2003. Early tetrapod relationships revisited. Biological Reviews 78: 251–345.
[S02] Shelford, R. 1902. A list of the reptiles of Borneo—addenda et corrigenda. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38: 133–135.
[SC18] Simões, T. R., M. W. Caldwell, M. Talanda, M. Bernardi, A. Palci, O. Vernygora, F. Bernardini, L. Mancini & R. L. Nydam. 2018. The origin of squamates revealed by a Middle Triassic lizard from the Italian Alps. Nature 557: 706–709.
[TT05] Tverdokhlebov, V. P., G. I. Tverdokhlebova, A. V. Minikh, M. V. Surkov & M. J. Benton. 2005. Upper Permian vertebrates and their sedimentological context in the South Urals, Russia. Earth-Science Reviews 69: 27–77.
[U93] Unwin, D. M. 1993. Aves. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 717–737. Chapman & Hall: London.
[Z94] Zimmerman, E. C. 1994. Australian Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) vol. 2. Brentidae, Eurhynchidae, Apionidae and a chapter on immature stages by Brenda May. CSIRO Australia.