Belongs within: Tannuolinidae.
Contains: Obolellata, Kutorginida, Strophomenata, Rhynchonellata.
The Rhynchonelliformea are the clade containing the articulate brachiopods as well as their stem relatives. The clade is characterised by the possession of an organocalcitic shell with fibrous microstructure (Williams & Holmer 2002). Articulate brachiopods have the valves connected by an arrangement of hinge teeth and dental sockets, though this has been lost in a very few derived subgroups. The Palaeozoic Chileata lack such hinge structures, and may have had the valves held in place by posteriorly fused mantle lobes (Popov & Holmer 2000).
Characters (Kaesler 2000): Brachiopods with articulated calcitic shells, secondary layer basically fibrous; outer mantle lobe variably indented by periostracal slot between vesicular and lobate cells; hinge formed by margins of posterior interareas secreted by fused mantle lobes; articulatory structures essentially a pair of ventral teeth and dorsal sockets on either side of median indentations (delthyrium and notothyrium respectively) of interareas; pedicle of later groups developing from rudiment and occupying delthyrial area, filled with connective tissue, controlled by adjustor muscles; adductor muscles normally located posteromedially, diductor muscles flanking adductors ventrally, inserted in notothyrial region dorsally; alimentary tract without anus in living species; lophophore without median tentacle, tentacles double in post-trocholophous stages of growth; lophophore supported in later groups by calcitic extensions from dorsal hinge in form of crura, spiralia, or loops; mantle canal systems variable in branching, containing gonads, without marginal sinuses; larvae lecithotrophic, without shell, embryonic mantle in later groups undergoing reversal.
<==Rhynchonelliformea [Arthropomata, Articulata, Clistenterata, Protremata, Pygocaulia, Testicardines]
| i. s.: Nikolaevirhynchus Baranov 1988M03
| Pseudocamarotoechia gljadensis Kul’kov 1974M03
| StenosarinaCG97
| |--S. crosnieriCG97
| `--S. sphenoideaTVW10
| Parakinetica stewartiR97
| Aulites brazieriR97
|--+--ObolellataWCB00
| `--+--KutorginidaWCB00
| `--+--StrophomenataWCB00
| `--RhynchonellataWCB00
`--ChileataWCB00
|--Matutelloidea [Chileida, Chileidoidea, Matutellacea]PH00
| |--ChileidaePH00
| | |--Chile Popov & Tikhonov 1990PH00
| | | `--*C. mirabilis Popov & Tikhonov 1990PH00
| | `--Acareorthis Roberts in Roberts & Jell 1990PH00
| | `--*A. jelli Roberts in Roberts & Jell 1990PH00
| `--MatutellidaePH00
| |--Kotujella Andreeva 1962PBH00, WW65
| | `--*K. calva Andreeva 1962WW65
| `--Matutella Cooper 1951PBH00, WW65
| |--*M. clarki Cooper 1951WW65
| `--M. grataPH00
`--Eichwaldioidea [Dictyonellida, Dictyonellidina, Dictyonelloidea, Eichwaldiacea]WCB00
|--EichwaldiidaeR65
| |--Eichwaldia Billings 1858R65
| | `--*E. subtrigonalis Billings 1858R65
| `--Dictyonella Hall 1868 [=Dyctionella Oehlert 1887, Eodictyonella Wright 1994]H00
| |--*D. coralifera (Hall 1852) [=Atrypa coralifera, *Eodictyonella coralifera]H00
| |--D. capewelliR65
| |--D. gibbosaH00
| `--D. reticulataH00
`--Isogrammidae [Aulacorhynchidae, Megapleuroniinae]R65
|--+--Schizopleuronia Liao 1983PBH00, H00
| | `--*S. grandis Liao 1983H00
| `--Megapleuronia Cooper 1952PBH00, R65
| |--*M. fabianii (Greco 1947) [=Productus fabianii]R65
| `--M. grecoiR65
`--Isogramma Meek & Worthen 1870PBH00, R65 (see below for synonymy)
|--*I. millipunctatum (Meek & Worthen 1870) [=Chonetes millipunctatus]R65
|--I. germanica Paeckelmann 1930HB93
|--I. lobatum Cooper & Grant 1975HB93
|--‘*Aulacorhynchus’ pachti von Dittmar 1872 [=*Aulacorhyna pachti]H00
|--‘Aulacorhynchus’ paotechouensisG31
|--I. renfrarumR65
|--I. salteriH00
`--I. texanumR65
Isogramma Meek & Worthen 1870PBH00, R65 [incl. Aulacorhyna Strand 1928R65, Aulacorhynchus von Dittmar 1872 non Gould 1834H00]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[CG97] Cohen, B. L., & A. B. Gawthrop. 1997. The brachiopod genome. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 1. Introduction pp. 189–211. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[G31] Grabau, A. W. 1931. The Permian of Mongolia: A report on the Permian fauna of the Jisu Honguer limestone of Mongolia and its relations to the Permian of other parts of the world. American Museum of Natural History: New York.
[HB93] Harper, D. A. T., C. H. C. Brunton, L. R. M. Cocks, P. Copper, E. N. Doyle, A. L. Jeffrey, E. F. Owen, M. A. Parkes, L. E. Popov & C. D. Prosser. 1993. Brachiopoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 427–462. Chapman & Hall: London.
[H00] Holmer, L. E. 2000. Dictyonellida. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 196–200. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[M03] Modzalevskaya, T. L. 2003. Silurian and Devonian brachiopods from Severnaya Zemlya (Russian Arctic). Geodiversitas 25 (1): 73–107.
[PBH00] Popov, L. E., M. G. Bassett & L. E. Holmer. 2000. Craniata. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 158–164. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[PH00] Popov, L. E., & L. E. Holmer. 2000. Chileida. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 193–196. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[R97] Richardson, J. R. 1997. Ecology of articulated brachiopods. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 1. Introduction pp. 441–462. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[R65] Rowell, A. J. 1965. Order uncertain—Dictyonellidina. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 1 pp. H359–H361. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).
[TVW10] Taylor, P. D., O. Vinn & M. A. Wilson. 2010. Evolution of biomineralization in ‘lophophorates’. Special Papers in Palaeontology 84: 317–333.
[WCB00] Williams, A., S. J. Carlson & C. H. C. Brunton. 2000. Brachiopod classification. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 1–27. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[WW65] Williams, A., & A. D. Wright. 1965. Orthida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 1 pp. H299–H359. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).