Sandokanidae

Belongs within: Opiliones.
Contains: Gnomulus.

The Sandokanidae are an Oriental family of relatively short-legged harvestmen in which the opisthosomal tergites are all fused into a scutum completum, and the tarsi comprise only one to three tarsomeres (Schwendinger 2007).

Characters (Schwendinger 2007): Size 2.3–10.7 mm. Dorsum somewhat pear-shaped, prosomal region narrower than opisthosomal region. Carapace and opisthosomal tergites I–VIII fused into single plate (scutum completum) with quite smooth surface and few or no projections. Paired conical or unpaired lobelike projections from posterior margin of carapace region and from anterior margins of first opisthosomal area forming more or less distinct “bridge”. Venter with first leg coxae free, others fused; spiracles mostly hidden under posterior processes of coxa IV; all opisthosomal sternites fused to ventral scutum; small, unmodified anal plate formed by tergite IX. Pedipalps with ventral processes on trochanter and femur; claw relatively short, movable only to a limited extent. Legs relatively short and stout; few (one to three) tarsomeres; anterior legs with single claw, posterior legs with double claw.

<==Sandokanidae [Oncopodidae, Oncopodinae, Oncopodines, Oncopodoidea, Oncopodomorphi, Sandokanoidea, Sterrhonoti]
    |--Martensiellus tenuipalpusSG11, S07
    `--+--Palaeoncopus Martens & Schwendinger 1998S02
       |    `--*P. gunung Martens & Schwendinger 1998S02
       |--Biantoncopus Martens & Schwendinger 1998S02
       |    `--*B. fuscus Martens & Schwendinger 1998S02
       `--+--GnomulusS02
          |--Caenoncopus Martens & Schwendinger 1998S02
          |    |--*C. cuspidatus (Schwendinger 1992)S02 [=Oncopus cuspidatusSM04]
          |    `--C. tenuisS02
          `--+--Sandokan Özdikmen & Kury 2007OK07 [=Oncopus Thorell 1876 non Herrich-Schaeffer 1855S02]
             |    |--S. hosei groupSM04
             |    |    |--S. expatriatus (Schwendinger & Martens 2004)OK07 [=Oncopus expatriatusSM04]
             |    |    |--S. hosei (Pocock 1897)OK07 [=Oncopus hoseiSM04]
             |    |    `--S. megachelis (Schwendinger 1992)OK07 [=Oncopus megachelisSM04]
             |    `--+--*S. doriae (Thorell 1876)OK07 [=*Oncopus doriaeSM04]
             |       `--+--S. feae groupSM04
             |          |    |--S. feae (Thorell 1890)OK07 (see below for synonymy)
             |          |    `--S. malayanus (Schwendinger & Martens 2004)OK07 [=Oncopus malayanusSM04]
             |          `--S. truncatus groupSM04
             |               |--S. lingga (Schwendinger & Martens 2004)OK07 [=Oncopus linggaSM04]
             |               |--S. tiomanensis (Schwendinger & Martens 2004)OK07 [=Oncopus tiomanensisSM04]
             |               `--S. truncatus (Thorell 1891)OK07 [=Oncopus truncatusSM04; incl. O. acanthochelis Roewer 1915SM04]
             `--Pelitnus Thorell 1891S02, R23
                  |--P. annulipes Pocock 1897R23
                  |--P. armillatus Thorell 1891R23
                  |--P. drescoiS77
                  |--P. goodnighti Suzuki 1977S77
                  |--P. hyatti Martens 1977M77
                  |--P. imadatei Suzuki 1969M77
                  |--P. laevis Roewer 1905R23
                  |--P. palawanensisT90
                  |--P. piliger Pocock 1903R23
                  |--P. pulvillatus Pocock 1903R23
                  `--P. segnipes Loman 1892R23

Sandokan feae (Thorell 1890)^OK07 [=Oncopus feae^SM04; incl. O. alticeps Pocock 1897^SM04, Pelitnus alticeps^SM04, Sandokan alticeps^GS14]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[GS14] Garwood, R. J., P. P. Sharma, J. A. Dunlop & G. Giribet. 2014. A Paleozoic stem group to mite harvestmen revealed through integration of phylogenetics and development. Current Biology 24 (9): 1017–1023.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4-6): 295–340.

[OK07] Özdikmen, H., & A. B. Kury. 2007. Replacement names for Oncopus and Oncopodidae (Arachnida, Opiliones). Journal of Arachnology 35 (2): 407–408.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[S02] Schwendinger, P. J. 2002. Penis morphology in Oncopodidae (Opiliones, Laniatores): evolutionary trends and relationships. Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 425–434.

[S07] Schwendiger, P. 2007. Oncopodidae Thorell, 1876. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 211–214. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[SM04] Schwendinger, P. J., & J. Martens. 2004. A taxonomic revision of the family Oncopodidae IV. The genus Oncopus Thorell (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 111 (1): 139–174.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[S77] Suzuki, S. 1977. Report on a collection of opilionids from the Phillippines. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 27 (1): 1–120.

[T90] Tsurusaki, N. 1990. Gnomulus minor, a new species of oncopodid harvestmen from Luzon, the Philippines. Acta Arachnologica 39: 59–62.