Schizomida

 Male of Hubbardia pentapeltis, photographed by Marshal Hedin.

Belongs within: Pedipalpi.

The Schizomida are a group of less than 200 species of minute soil-dwelling arachnids, with the majority of species found in rainforest leaf litter. Schizomids are generally less than 5 mm in length and have long, tactile anterior legs. The posterior flagellum is sexually dimorphic, being bulbous and unsegmented in the male and elongate and segmented in the female (Harvey 2002).

<==Schizomida [Schizopeltidia]
    |  i. s.: ApozomusH11
    |         ZomusH11
    |         Stenoschizomus tejeriensisVMT06
    |         Wuayuuzomus Armas & Colmenares 1996VMT06
    |--Calcitro Petrunkevitch 1945 [Calcitronidae]H02
    |    `--C. fischeri Petrunkevitch 1945S93
    |--ProtoschizomidaeS07
    |    |--Protoschizomus Rowland 1975M-RFC16
    |    |    |--P. franckei Monjaraz-Ruedas 2013M-RCF16
    |    |    |--P. occidentalis Rowland 1975M-RCF16
    |    |    |--P. pachypalpusM-RFP20
    |    |    `--P. purificacion Cokendolpher & Reddell 1992M-RCF16
    |    `--Agastoschizomus Rowland 1971M-RFC16
    |         |--A. huitzmolotitlensis Rowland 1975M-RFC16
    |         |--A. juxtlahuacensis Montaño-Moreno & Francke 2009M-RCF16
    |         |--A. lucifer Rowland 1971M-RCF16
    |         |--A. patei Cokendolpher & Reddell 1992M-RCF16
    |         |--A. stygius Cokendolpher & Reddell 1992M-RCF16
    |         |--A. tamaulipensis Monjaraz-Ruedas, Francke & Cokendolpher 2016M-RCF16
    |         |--A. tenebris Monjaraz-Ruedas, Francke & Cokendolpher 2016M-RCF16
    |         `--A. texanus Monjaraz-Ruedas, Francke & Cokendolpher 2016M-RCF16
    `--Hubbardiidae [Schizomidae, Schizomina, Schizonotidae, Tartarides]S07
         |  i. s.: Megaschizomus [Megaschizominae]H02
         |         Notozomus Harvey 1992H11
         |         ParadraculoidesABH14
         |         Calcoschizomus Pierce 1951H02
         |           `--C. latisternum Pierce 1951S93
         |         Onychothelyphonus Pierce 1950H02
         |           `--O. bonneri Pierce 1950S93
         |         Ovozomus Harvey 2001H11
         |           |--O. lunatus (Gravely 1911) (see below for synonymy)H11
         |           `--O. peradeniyensis (Gravely 1911) [=Schizomus peradeniyensis]H11
         |         Tripeltis Thorell 1889T89
         |           |--*T. grassii Thorell 1889T89
         |           `--T. cambridgei Thorell 1889T89
         |         Draculoides Harvey 1992HH95
         |           |--*D. vinei (Harvey 1988) [=Schizomus vinei]HH95
         |           `--D. bramstokeri Harvey & Humphreys 1995T13
         |         Schizomus Cook 1899 (see below for synonymy)H11
         |           |--*S. crassicaudatus (O.P.-Cambridge 1872)H11 (see below for synonymy)
         |           |--S. joshuensisHA91
         |           |--S. palaciosi Reddell & Cokendolpher 1986A05
         |           |--S. perplexus Gravely 1915 [=S. (Trithyreus) perplexus, Notozomus perplexus]H11
         |           |--S. siamensisA99
         |           `--S. wessoniHA91
         |         Trithyreus Kraepelin 1899H11, H02
         |           |--T. cambridgeiK14
         |           |--T. modestusK14
         |           |--T. sawadai Kishida 1930TYM08
         |           `--T. suboculatus Pocock 1900 (n. d.) [=Schizomus suboculatus]H11
         |--Hubbardia Cook 1899 [Hubbardiinae]M-RFP20
         |    `--H. pentapeltis Cook 1899GE02
         `--+--Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995M-RFP20
            |    |--S. brasiliensis Kraus 1967VMT06 [=Schizomus brasiliensisM-RFP20]
            |    |--S. escondidoM-RFP20
            |    `--S. manausM-RFP20
            `--+--+--Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995M-RFP20, VMT06
               |  |    |--H. acrocaudatus Rowland & Reddell 1979VMT06
               |  |    |--H. flavescens Hansen & Sörensen 1905VMT06
               |  |    |--H. humbertoiM-RFP20
               |  |    |--H. simonis Hansen & Sörensen 1897VMT06 [=Schizomus simonisM-RFP20]
               |  |    |--H. trinidanusVMT06
               |  |    |--H. urbanii Villarreal Manzanilla & Teruel 2006VMT06
               |  |    `--H. yolandae González-Sponga 1997VMT06
               |  `--Rowlandius Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995M-RFP20
               |       |--R. falcifemur Teurel 2003VMT06
               |       |--R. humbertoiM-RFP20
               |       `--R. lantiguaiM-RFP20
               `--+--Sotanostenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher 1991M-RFP20
                  |    |--S. cookeiM-RFP20
                  |    `--S. mitchelliM-RFP20
                  `--+--Baalrog Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                     |    |--B. firstmani (Rowland 1973)M-RFP20, G11 [=Stenochrus firstmaniM-RFP20]
                     |    `--+--B. magicoM-RFP20
                     |       `--B. sbordonii (Brignoli 1973) [=Stenochrus sbordonii]M-RFP20
                     `--+--+--Mayazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995M-RFP20
                        |  |    |--M. aluxeM-RFP20
                        |  |    `--M. hoffmannaeM-RFP20
                        |  `--+--Troglostenochrus Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                        |     |    |--T. palaciosi (Reddell & Cokendolpher 1986) [=Stenochrus palaciosi]M-RFP20
                        |     |    `--T. valdezi (Monjaraz-Ruedas 2012) [=Stenochrus valdezi]M-RFP20
                        |     `--Heteroschizomus Rowland 1973M-RFP20
                        |          |--H. goodnightorum [=Schizomus goodnightorum, Stenochrus goodnightorum]M-RFP20
                        |          `--+--+--H. kekchiM-RFP20
                        |             |  `--H. silvino [=Stenochrus silvino]M-RFP20
                        |             `--+--H. meambar Armas & Víquez 2010 [=Stenochrus meambar]M-RFP20
                        |                `--H. orthoplax [=Stenochrus orthoplax]M-RFP20
                        `--+--+--Pacal Reddell & Cokendolpher 1995M-RFP20
                           |  |    |--P. tepezcuintle (Armas & Cruz-López 2009) [=Stenochrus tepezcuintle]M-RFP20
                           |  |    `--+--P. moisii (Rowland 1973) [=Stenochrus moisii]M-RFP20
                           |  |       `--P. trilobatusM-RFP20
                           |  `--Nahual Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                           |       |--N. caballero [=Stenochrus caballero]M-RFP20
                           |       `--+--N. lanceolatus [=Stenochrus lanceolatus]M-RFP20
                           |          `--+--N. bokmaiM-RFP20
                           |             `--N. pallidus [=Stenochrus pallidus]M-RFP20
                           `--+--Ambulantactus Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                              |    |--A. montielaeM-RFP20
                              |    `--+--A. aquismonM-RFP20
                              |       `--A. davisi (Gertsch 1940)M-RFP20
                              `--+--+--Olmecazomus Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                                 |  |    |--O. cruzlopeziM-RFP20
                                 |  |    `--O. santibaneziM-RFP20
                                 |  `--+--Schizophyxia Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                                 |     |    |--S. bartolo (Rowland 1973) [=Stenochrus bartolo]M-RFP20
                                 |     |    `--S. lukensi [=Stenochrus lukensi]M-RFP20
                                 |     `--Harveyus Monjaraz-Ruedas et al. 2019M-RFP20
                                 |          |--H. mulaikiM-RFP20
                                 |          `--+--H. mexicanus (Rowland 1971) (see below for synonymy)M-RFP20
                                 |             `--+--H. contrerasiM-RFP20
                                 |                `--H. reddelliM-RFP20
                                 `--Stenochrus Chamberlin 1922M-RFP20
                                      |  i. s.: S. leon Armas 1995M-RFP20
                                      |--S. alcalai Monjaraz-Ruedas & Francke 2018M-RFP20
                                      `--+--S. chimalapasM-RFP20
                                         `--+--S. grutaM-RFP20
                                            |--S. guatemalensis Chamberlin 1922M-RFP20
                                            |--S. pecki Rowland 1973 [=Schizomus pecki]M-RFP20
                                            `--S. portoricensis Chamberlin 1922M-RFP20, GE02

Harveyus mexicanus (Rowland 1971) [=Schizomus mexicanus, Stenochrus mexicanus]M-RFP20

Ovozomus lunatus (Gravely 1911) [=Schizomus (Trithyreus) lunatus; incl. S. remyi Lawrence 1969, S. similis Hirst 1913, *Ovozomus similis]H11

Schizomus Cook 1899 [=Nyctalops O.P.-Cambridge 1872 non Wagler 1832, Schizonotus Thorell 1888 non Ratzeburg 1852]H11

*Schizomus crassicaudatus (O.P.-Cambridge 1872)H11 [=*Nyctalops crassicaudatusH11, *Schizonotus crassicaudatusH11; incl. N. tenuicaudatus Cambridge 1872H02, Schizonotus tenuicaudatusT89]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A05] Alberti, G. 2005. Double spermatogenesis in Chelicerata. Journal of Morphology 266 (3): 281–297.

[ABH14] Alexander, J. B., M. A. A. Burger & M. S. Harvey. 2014. A new species of troglobitic Anatemnus (Pseudoscorpiones: Atemnidae) from the Pilbara bioregion of Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 29 (2): 141–148.

[A99] Ax, P. 1999. Das System der Metazoa II. Ein Lehrbuch der phylogenetischen Systematik. Gustav Fisher Verlag: Stuttgart (translated: 2000. Multicellular Animals: The phylogenetic system of the Metazoa vol. 2. Springer).

[G11] Giribet, G. 2011. Shearogovea, a new genus of Cyphophthalmi (Arachnida, Opiliones) of uncertain position of Oaxacan caves, Mexico. Breviora 528: 1–7.

[GE02] Giribet, G., G. D. Edgecombe, W. C. Wheeler & C. Babbitt. 2002. Phylogeny and systematic position of Opiliones: a combined analysis of chelicerate relationships using morphological and molecular data. Cladistics 18: 5–70.

[H02] Harvey, M. S. 2002. The neglected cousins: what do we know about the smaller arachnid orders? Journal of Arachnology 30 (2): 357–372.

[H11] Harvey, M. S. 2011. Notes on some Old World schizomids of the genera Ovozomus and Schizomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (2): 202–208.

[HH95] Harvey, M. S., & W. F. Humphreys. 1995. Notes on the genus Draculoides Harvey (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with the description of a new troglobitic species. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 52: 183–189.

[HA91] Humphreys, W. F., & A. Adams. 1991. The subterranean aquatic fauna of the North West Cape peninsula, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15 (2): 383–411.

[K14] Kraepelin, K. 1914. Die Skorpione und Pedipalpen von Neu-Caledonien und den benachbarten Inselgruppen. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 4 pp. 327–337. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.

[M-RFC16] Monjaraz-Ruedas, R., O. F. Francke & J. C. Cokendolpher. 2016. Three new species of Agastoschizomus (Arachnida: Schizomida: Protoschizomidae) from North America. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 87 (2): 337–346.

[M-RFP20] Monjaraz-Ruedas, R., O. F. Francke & L. Prendini. 2020. Integrative systematics untangles the evolutionary history of Stenochrus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), a neglected junkyard genus of North American short-tailed whipscorpions. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 130: 458–479.

[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S07] Shultz, J. W. 2007. A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150 (2): 221–265.

[T13] Taylor, C. K. 2013. Annotated bibliography for Barrow Island terrestrial invertebrates. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 135–144.

[TYM08] Tennent, W. J., M. Yasuda & K. Morimoto. 2008. Lansania Journal of arachnology and zoology—a rare and obscure Japanese natural history journal. Archives of Natural History 35 (2): 252–280.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 521–729.

[VMT06] Villarreal-Manzanilla, O., & R. Teruel. 2006. Un nuevo Hansenochrus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) de Venezuela noroccidental. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 46 (20): 233–238.

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