Belongs within: Lamiales.
Contains: Linaria, Euphrasia, Jamesbrittenia, Ourisia, Penstemon, Cordylanthus, Keckiella, Myoporaceae, Buddlejeae, Scrophularieae.
The plant family Scrophulariaceae has been distinguished in the past by the possession of a type of flower called a ‘scroph’, possessing bilaterally symmetrical, often tubular flowers, ovaries with axile placentation and numerous ovules, capsular fruits, and seeds with endosperm (Olmstead et al. 2001). However, the molecular analysis of the order Lamiales by Olmstead et al. (2001) indicated that scrophs were either plesiomorphic or homoplasious within a larger lamialean clade, and so Scrophulariaceae in the broad sense were divided between a number of smaller families. Scrophulariaceae sensu stricto were redefined as the most exclusive clade containing Hemimeris sabulosa, Myoporum mauritianum and Scrophularia californica.
As well as members of the prior Scrophulariaceae, this clade includes taxa previously treated as the separate families Myoporaceae and Buddlejaceae. Thus circumscribed, the Scrophulariaceae are a primarily Southern Hemisphere family, with the Scrophularieae being the only predominantly northern temperate subgroup (Olmstead et al. 2001). The Hemimerideae are a primarily African group of mostly herbs with quadrangular stems and pedicellate, resupinate flowers. Members of the genus Alonsoa have elongate stems and bear flowers with a two-lipped, orange-red corolla and alveolated seeds. The Selagineae and Manuleae are similarly African tribes of heath-like herbs and subshrubs. The Aptosimeae are woody herbs and subshrubs found in the Old World tropics, bearing simple, alternate leaves and flowers with a tubular calyx. The Leucophylleae are a small group of shrubs with bell- or funnel-shaped flowers found in Mexico and Texas.
<==Scrophulariaceae [Pseudosolaneae]
|--HemimerideaeOP01
| |--Hemimeris sabulosaOP01
| |--Alonsoa [Alonsoeae]OP01
| | `--A. unilabiataOP01
| `--NemesiaOP01
| |--N. cheiranthusOP01
| |--N. karasbergensisCV06
| |--N. melissifoliaV09
| |--N. strumosaOP01
| `--N. violifloraCV06
`--+--+--MyoporaceaeOP01
| |--Aptosimum [Aptosimeae]OP01
| | |--A. albomarginatumG05
| | |--A. arenariumCV06
| | `--A. suberosumCV06
| `--LeucophylleaeOP01
| |--EremogetonOP01
| `--LeucophyllumOP01
| |--L. fructescensOP01
| `--L. leiophyllumSZ03
`--+--BuddlejeaeOP01
`--+--ScrophularieaeOP01
`--+--Selagineae [Selaginaceae]OP01
| |--Dischisma capitatumBR65
| `--SelagoOP01
| |--S. amboensisCV06
| |--S. lepidaCV06
| |--S. nachtigaliiCV06
| `--S. thunbergiiOP01
`--ManuleaeOP01
|--ZaluzianskyaOP01
| |--Z. divaricataBR65
| `--Z. katherinaeOP01
`--ManuleaCV06
|--M. dubiaCV06
|--M. namibensisCV06
`--M. tenellaCV06
Scrophulariaceae incertae sedis:
LinariaH03
OftiaT00
EuphrasiaBR65
Lancea tibeticaO88
OreosolenO88
|--O. wattiiO88
`--O. williamsiiO88
Cymbalaria Baumgarten 1756BR65
|--C. longipesPT98
`--C. muralisBR65 [incl. Linaria cymbalariaBR65, C. italicaC55]
Parentucellia Viviani 1824BR65
|--P. latifoliaBR65
`--P. viscosaBR65
Kickxia Dumort 1827BR65
|--K. commutataPT98
|--K. elatine (Linnaeus) Dumort 1827 [=Linaria elatine]BR65
|--K. graecaBR65 (see below for synonymy)
|--K. sieberi [=Linaria sieberi; incl. L. elatine var. lasiopoda]BR65
`--K. spuria (Linnaeus) Dumortier 1827 [=Linaria spuria]BR65
Misopates orontium (Linnaeus) Rafinesque 1840PL04
Glossostigma Wight & Arn. 1836A61
|--G. diandraPP07
|--G. drummondiiBR65
|--G. elatinoides Benth. in Hooker 1854 [=Tricholoma elatinoides Benth. in DC. 1846]A61
|--G. spathulatumBR65
`--G. submersum Petrie 1891 [=Lobelia submersa Cunningham 1839]A61
Dopatrium junceumVB02
PeplidiumBR65
|--P. maritimumPP07
`--P. muelleriBR65
|--P. m. var. muelleriBR65
`--P. m. var. longipesBR65
Mazus Lour. 1790A61
|--M. faureiHH95
|--M. pumilio Br. 1810A61
|--M. radicans (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906A61 [=Mimulus radicans Hooker 1854A61; incl. Ourisia montana Buch. 1887C06]
`--M. rugosusC06
Celsia [incl. Janthe Grisebach 1844]S06
|--C. betonicifoliaD17
`--C. creticaBR65
Morgania glabra [incl. M. floribunda, Stemodia morgania]BR65
Bellardia Allioni 1785BR65
`--B. trixago [=Bartsia trixago]BR65
ToreniaMH98
|--T. asiaticaT-W89
|--T. bailloniaT-W89
|--T. cordifoliaSS72
|--T. fournieriMH98
|--T. parvifloraC55
|--T. pedunculataRC02
`--T. polygonoidesT-W89
Manuleopsis dinteriCV06
Chamaegigas intrepidusCV06
Dintera pterocaulisCV06
JamesbritteniaCV06
AnticharisPP07
|--A. arabicaD17
|--A. brevipesD17
|--A. ebracteataCV06
|--A. imbricataCV06
|--A. inflataCV06
`--A. senegalensisPP07
Cromidon pusillumCV06
Diclis tenuissimaCV06
Phyllopodium hispidulumCV06
OurisiaA61
Russelia Jacquin 1760L95
`--R. equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham. 1831 [incl. R. juncea Zucc. 1832]L95
PenstemonH93
CordylanthusH93
GalveziaH93
|--G. fructicosaS04
|--G. limensisS04
`--G. speciosaH93
KeckiellaH93
MaurandyaH93
|--M. antirrhinifloraH93
`--M. petrophilaH93
MohaveaH93
|--M. brevifloraH93
`--M. confertifloraH93
Nothochelone nemorosaH93 [=Penstemon nemorosusM68]
OrthocarpusH93
|--O. bracteosusH93
|--O. cuspidatusH93
| |--O. c. ssp. cuspidatusH93
| |--O. c. ssp. copelandiiH93
| `--O. c. ssp. cryptanthusH93
|--O. imbricatusH93
|--O. luteusH93
`--O. pachystachyusH93
TriphysariaH93
|--T. eriantha [=Orthocarpus erianthus]H93
| |--T. e. ssp. eriantha [incl. Orthocarpus erianthus var. gratiosus]H93
| `--T. e. ssp. rosea [=Orthocarpus erianthus var. roseus]H93
|--T. floribunda [=Orthocarpus floribundus]H93
|--T. micrantha [=Orthocarpus erianthus var. micranthus]H93
|--T. pusilla [=Orthocarpus pusillus]H93
`--T. versicolorH93
|--T. v. ssp. versicolor [incl. Orthocarpus faucibarbatus var. albidus]H93
`--T. v. ssp. faucibarbata [=Orthocarpus faucibarbatus]H93
PeliostomumG05
Paulownioxylon hondoense Watari 1948CBH93
Loxophyllum Blume 1826KC01
Vellosiella Baill. 1887KC01
Wightia borneensisS77
|--W. b. ssp. borneensisS77
`--W. b. ssp. ottolanderiS77
Agalinis Rafinesque 1837 (nom. cons.)L95
`--A. fasciculata (Ell.) Raf. 1837 [=Gerardia fasciculata Ell. 1822; incl. G. domingensis Spreng. 1825]L95
Capraria L. 1753L95
`--C. biflora L. 1753L95
Hemianthus Nuttall 1817L95
`--H. callitrichoides Griseb. 1862 [incl. Hemisiphonia antillana Urb. 1909]L95
Lophospermum Don 1827L95
`--L. erubescens Don in Sweet 1830 (see below for synonymy)L95
Mecardonia Ruiz & Pavón 1794L95
`--M. procumbens (Mill.) Small 1903L95 (see below for synonymy)
Micranthemum Michaux 1803 (nom. cons.)L95
`--M. umbrosum (Gmel.) Blake 1915 (see below for synonymy)L95
Scoparia L. 1753L95
`--S. dulcis L. 1753L95
Kickxia graecaBR65 [=Linaria graeca Chav. 1933BR65, Antirrhinum graecum Chaubard 1838BR65, Kickxia commutata ssp. graecaPT98]
Lophospermum erubescens Don in Sweet 1830 [=Asarina erubescens (Don) Pennell 1947, Maurandya erubescens (Don) Gray 1868]L95
Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small 1903L95 [=Erinus procumbens Mill. 1768L95, Monniera procumbens (Mill.) Ktze. 1891L95; incl. Herpestis chamaedrioides HBK. 1818 (nom. illeg.)L95, Bacopa chamaedrioides (HBK.) Cook & Collins 1903L95, Lindernia dianthera Sw. 1788L95, Mecardonia diantheraVS73, Monniera dianthera (Sw.) Millsp. 1900L95, Herpestis vandellioides HBK. 1818L95, Mecardonia vandellioides (HBK.) Penn. 1946L95]
Micranthemum umbrosum (Gmel.) Blake 1915 [=Anonymos umbrosa Walt. 1788 (nom. inv.), Globifera umbrosa Gmelin 1791; incl. M. orbiculatum Michx. 1803 (nom. illeg.)]L95
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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