Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Trichomycteridae, Loricariidae, Corydoras, Siluroidei.
The Siluriformes are the catfishes, an order of scale-less fishes with distinctive barbels around the mouth. Catfishes include both freshwater and marine representatives, with the former being more diverse. Many authors have regarded the South American velvet catfish Diplomystes as the sister group of all other Siluriformes; Diplomystes and the fossil Hypsidoris farsonensis are the only catfish with a well-developed maxilla bearing teeth. Alternatively, some recent phylogenetic studies have placed the similarly Neotropical Loricarioidei as the basalmost clade. Loricarioids may be characterised by having the swim bladder encapsuled and divided into separate vesicles, with the cranium contributing to encapsulation (Diogo & Peng 2009).
Characters (Bond 1996): True scales absent, skin bare or with bony plates which may bear dermal denticles. Subopercular, symplectic and parietal bones absent. Weberian apparatus of five or more vertebrae with second to fourth (or fifth) vertebrae fused. Barbels present around mouth. Premaxillary teeth present; maxillary teeth absent. Intermuscular bones absent. Pectoral and dorsal fins usually with large spines at leading edges; spines with locking mechanism holding them erect, often with associated venom glands. Adipose fin usually present.
Siluriformes [Nematognathi, Siluri, Siluroidiformes]
|--Loricarioidei [Loricarioidea]B-RW17
| |--+--Nematogenys [Nematogenyidae]B-RW17
| | | `--N. inermisNE12
| | `--TrichomycteridaeB-RW17
| `--+--+--ScoloplaxSL86 [ScoloplacidaeDP09]
| | | |--S. dicraSL86
| | | `--S. distolothrixSLH06
| | `--+--LoricariidaeSL86
| | `--Astroblepus Humboldt 1805TP86 [AstroblepidaeSL86, Astroblepinae]
| | |--A. boulengeriSL86
| | |--A. festaeSL86
| | |--A. grixalvaeSL86
| | |--A. longifillisSL86
| | |--A. pholeter Collette 1962TP86
| | `--A. simonsiiSL86
| `--CallichthyidaeB-RW17
| |--CorydorasSL86
| |--Callichthys callichthysSL86 [incl. C. kneri Gill 1858F16]
| |--Brochis caeruleus Cope 1871F15a
| |--Dianema Cope 1871F15a, LT61
| | `--D. longibarbis Cope 1871F15a
| |--ChaenothoraxF15a
| | |--C. bicarinatus Cope 1878F15a
| | `--C. semiscutatus (Cope 1871) [=Corydorus semiscutatus]F15a
| `--HoplosternumSL86
| | i. s.: H. littorale [=Callichthys littoralis; incl. H. laevigatum Gill 1858, H. stewardii Gill 1858]F16
| | H. magdalenaeSL86
| | H. oronocoi Fowler 1915F15a
| | H. pectorale (Boulenger 1895) [=Callichthys pectoralis]F15a
| | H. schreineriF15a
| | H. thoracatum [=Callichthys thoracatus]F16
| `--H. (Cataphractops Fowler 1915)F15a
| `--H. (*C.) melampterum (Cope 1871) [=Callichthys melampterus]F15a
`--+--Diplomystes [Diplomystidae, Diplomystoidei]B-RW17
| | i. s.: D. mesembrinusSLH06
| |--D. camposensisDP09
| |--D. nahuelbutaensisDP09
| `--+--D. chilensisDP09 [=Diplomyste chilensisB96]
| `--D. viedmensisSL86 [=Olivaichthys viedmensisDP09]
`--SiluroideiB-RW17
Siluriformes incertae sedis:
Andinichthys Gayet 1988 [Andinichthyidae]GM01
OmpokB96
Doiichthys [Doiichthyidae]M58
`--D. novaeguineae Weber 1913M58
Bucklandium diluvii König 1825M02
Haustor catusD56
Hypostomum plecostomumH04
Pygidiidae [Pygidiinae]F15a
|--Hatcheria areolataF15a
`--PygidiumF15a
|--P. disparF15a
|--P. poeyanum (Cope 1877) [=Trichomycterus poeyanus]F15a
|--P. rivulatum [incl. Trichomycterus pardus Cope 1874]F15a
|--P. spilosoma Regan 1913R13
|--P. taeniaR13
`--P. unicolor Regan 1913R13
Cyclopium [Cyclopiidae]F15a
|--C. chimborazoi Fowler 1915F15a
|--C. cirratum (Regan 1912) [=Arges cirratus]F15a
|--C. sabaloF15a
`--C. ventraleR13
Paulicea luetkeniC01
Sorubimichthys planicepsC01
Rhamdiopsis krugiPG24
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B-RW17] Betancur-R, R., E. O. Wiley, G. Arratia, A. Acero, N. Bailly, M. Miya, G. Lecointre & G. Ortí. 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17: 162.
[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.
[C01] Chambrier, A. de. 2001. A new tapeworm from the Amazon, Amazotaenia yvettae gen. n., sp. n. (Eucestoda: Proteocephalidea) from the siluriform fishes Brachyplatystoma filamentosum and B. vaillanti (Pimelodidae). Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (2): 303–316.
[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.
[DP09] Diogo, R., & Z. Peng. 2009. State of the art of siluriform higher-level phylogeny. In: Grande, T., F. Poyato-Ariza & R. Diogo (eds) Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: A Comprehensive Review pp. 465–515. Springer.
[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Notes on nematognathous fishes. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 203–243.
[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.
[GM01] Gayet, M., L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Cappetta & J-C. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169: 39–68.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[LT61] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1961. Suprageneric classification of the Rhizopodea. Journal of Paleontology 35 (2): 245–330.
[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.
[M58] Munro, I. S. R. 1958. The fishes of the New Guinea region: A check-list of the fishes of New Guinea incorporating records of species collected by the Fisheries Survey Vessel “Fairwind” during the years 1948 to 1950. Papua and New Guinea Agricultural Journal 10 (4): 97–369 (reprinted: 1958. Territory of Papua and New Guinea Fisheries Bulletin 1).
[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.
[R13] Regan, C. T. 1913. The fishes of the San Juan River, Colombia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 462–473.
[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.
[SLH06] Sullivan, J. P., J. G. Lundberg & M. Hardman. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 636–662.
[TP86] Thinès, G., & G. Proudlove. 1986. Pisces. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 709–733. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.