Belongs within: Secernentea.
Contains: Dipetalonema, Onchocercidae.
The Spiruromorpha are a group of parasitic nematodes with life cycles alternating between vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Some species, notably among the superfamily Filarioidea, are regarded as significant pathogens of humans and other mammals, causing debilitating illnesses. These include the African eye worm Loa loa which inhabits the subcutaneous tissue of humans and is spread by deer flies of the genus Chrysops. The heartworm Dirofilaria immitis infects the pulmonary arteries of dogs and other carnivorans.
<==Spiruromorpha [Spirurida]
| i. s.: Loa loaJ02
| WuchereriaL02a
| |--W. bancroftiPB07 [incl. W. bancrofti var. pacificaGe02]
| `--W. malayiMH96
|--Desportesius [Acuariidae, Acuarioidea]LB02
|--CamallanusH02 [Camallanidae, CamallanoideaLB02]
| `--C. lacustrisH02
|--AproctoideaLB02
| |--AproctidaeLB02
| `--DesmidocercidaeLB02
|--DiplotriaenoideaLB02
| |--DiplotriaenidaeLB02
| `--OswaldofilariidaeLB02
|--ThelazoideaLB02
| |--RhabdochonidaeLB02
| |--PneumospiruridaeLB02
| `--ThelaziaF92 [ThelaziidaeLB02]
| `--T. rhodesiiF92
|--SpiruroideaLB02
| | i. s.: Physocephalus sexalatusGi02
| |--GongylonematidaeLB02
| |--SpirocercidaeLB02
| |--HartertiidaeLB02
| `--SpiruraGC72 [SpiruridaeLB02]
| `--S. marayani Mirza & Basir 1938GC72
|--Physalopteridae [Physalopteroidea]LB02
| |--Abbreviata paradoxaGi02
| `--PhysalopteraP89b
| |--P. abbreviataP89b
| |--P. geminaGi02
| |--P. phrynsomaMM02
| |--P. retusaP89b
| `--P. varani Parona 1889P89b
|--Rictulariidae [Rictularoidea]LB02
| |--Pterygodermatites alphi [=Mesopectines alphi]Gi02
| `--RictulariaP89b
| |--R. bovieri Blanchard 1886P89b
| |--R. cristata Frölich 1802 [=Ophiostomum cristatum]P89b
| |--R. dipodomis Tiner 1948S69
| |--R. elvirae Parona 1889P89b
| |--R. macdonaldi (Dobson 1880) [=Pterygodermatites macdonaldi, Ophiostoma macdonaldi]P89b
| `--R. plagiostoma (Weld 1861) [=Pterygodermatites plagiostoma; incl. Ophiostoma spinosa Willemoes-Suhm 1869]P89b
|--HabronematoideaLB02
| | i. s.: ParabronemaGi02
| | |--P. indicumGi02
| | `--P. skrjabiniF92
| |--HedrurusL02a [HedruridaeLB02]
| | `--H. androphoraL02a
| |--TetrameresJ02 [TetrameridaeLB02]
| | `--T. columbicolaJ02
| |--CystidicolidaeLB02
| | |--Ascarophis valentina Ferrer, Aznar et al. 2005F05
| | `--Cystidicola Fischer 1798F98
| | `--*C. farionis Fischer 1798F98
| `--HabronematidaeLB02
| |--Procyrnea mansioniRC02, Gi02
| `--HabronemaP73
| |--H. megastoma [=Draschia megastoma]P73
| |--H. microstomaP73
| `--H. muscaeP73
`--FilarioideaLB02
| i. s.: StephanofilariaGi02
| Serratospiculum seuratiGi02
| Molinema dessetae [=Dipetalonema dessetae]J02
| MicrofilariaM64
| AcanthocheilonemaL02b
| |--A. setariosumJ02
| `--A. viteae [=Dipetalonema viteae]J02
| BrugiaL02b
| |--B. malayiPB07
| |--B. pahangiL02b
| `--B. timoriO98
| DirofilariaM64
| |--D. immitis (Leidy 1856)MW69
| |--D. repensGi02
| `--D. roemeri v. Linstow 1905M64
| DipetalonemaM54
|--OnchocercidaeLB02
`--FilariaP89b [FilariidaeLB02]
|--F. bhamoensis Parona 1889P89b
|--F. capsularia [incl. Capsularia halecis]G20
|--F. coronataR26
|--F. flabellataP89b
|--F. macrophallos Parona 1889P89b
|--F. medinensis (Linnaeus 1758)G20, L58 [=Gordius medinensisG20]
|--F. nodulosaP89b
|--F. obtusocaudata [incl. F. collurionis subcutanea]P89a
`--F. papillosaR26
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.
[F98] Fischer, M. 1798. Sur un nouveau genre de vers intestins. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (13): 98.
[Ge02] Gems, D. 2002. Ageing. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 413–455. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[GC72] Ghose, R. K., & Y. Chaturvedi. 1972. Extension of range of the mongoose, Herpestes palustris Ghose (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae), with a note on its endoparasitic nematode. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (2): 412–413.
[Gi02] Gibbons, L. M. 2002. General organisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 31–59. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.
[H02] Hope, I. A. 2002. Embryology, developmental biology and the genome. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 121–145. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[J02] Justine, J.-L. 2002. Male and female gametes and fertilisation. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 73–119. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[L02a] Lee, D. L. 2002a. Life cycles. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 61–72. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[L02b] Lee, D. L. 2002b. Cuticle, moulting and exsheathment. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 171–209. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[LB02] Ley, P. de, & M. Blaxter. 2002. Systematic position and phylogeny. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 1–30. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis revised 10th ed. vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[M54] Mackerras, M. J. 1954. Two new species of Dipetalonema (Nematoda, Filarioidea) from Australian marsupials. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 64 (4): 51–56, pl. 1.
[MH96] Miller, S. A., & J. P. Harley. 1996. Zoology 3rd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publishers: Dubuque (Iowa).
[MW69] Moss, W. W., & W. A. Webster. 1969. A numerical taxonomic study of a group of selected strongylates (Nematoda). Systematic Zoology 18 (4): 423–443.
[MM02] Munn, E. A., & P. D. Munn. 2002. Feeding and digestion. In: Lee, D. L. (ed.) The Biology of Nematodes pp. 211–232. Taylor & Francis: Florence (Kentucky).
[M64] Mykytowycz, R. 1964. A survey of the endoparasites of the red kangaroo Megaleia rufa (Desmarest). Parasitology 54: 677–693.
[O98] Oosterbroek, P. 1998. The Families of Diptera of the Malay Archipelago. Brill: Leiden.
[P89a] Parona, C. 1889a. Intorno all’Ascaris halicoris, Owen, ed a qualche altro Nematode raccolti in Assab dal Dott. V. Ragazzi. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 751–764.
[P89b] Parona, C. 1889b. Sopra alcuni elminti di Vertebrati birmani raccolti da Leonardo Fea. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2a, 7: 765–780.
[PB07] Philippe, H., H. Brinkmann, P. Martinez, M. Riutort & J. Baguña. 2007. Acoel flatworms are not Platyhelminthes: evidence from phylogenomics. PloS One 2 (8): e717.
[P73] Pont, A. C. 1973. Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera). IV. A revision of the subfamilies Muscinae and Stomoxyinae. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 21: 129–296.
[RC02] Rasmussen, P. C., & N. J. Collar. 2002. Family Bucconidae (puffbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 7. Jacamars to Woodpeckers pp. 102–138. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[R26] Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes vol. 5. F.-G. Levrault: Paris.
[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.