Spongopolyentactiniidae – Variety of Life

Spongentactinella windyanensis, from Afanasieva et al. *(2005).*

Belongs within: Spumellaria.

The Spongopolyentactiniidae are a group of radiolarians known from the Middle Cambrian to the Permian (Afanasieva et al. 2005).

Characters (from Afanasieva et al. 2005): Inner frame in shape of 8-, 12-, -24, or more-rayed spicule, rays of which are connected to 8, 12, 24, or more external main spines (three-bladed, conical, or rodlike in shape).

<==Spongopolyentactiniidae^AA05
    |--Spongopolyentactiniinae^AA05
    |    |--Duodecimentactinia Won 1997^AA05
    |    |--Multientactinia Won 1997^AA05
    |    |--Spongomassa Won in Won & Below 1999^AA05
    |    `--Spongentactinella Nazarov 1975^AA05
    |         |--S. corynacantha^AA05
    |         |--S. olafi^AA05
    |         |--S. veles^AA05
    |         `--S. windyanensis^AA05
    `--+--Somphoentactiniinae^AA05
       |    |--Spongosphaera Won 1997^AA05
       |    |    `--S. streptacantha^C-SCL15
       |    |--Adamas Afanasieva 2000^AA05
       |    |    `--A. cathedrarius^AA05
       |    `--Somphoentactinia Nazarov 1975^AA05
       |         |--S. gavrilovi^AA05
       |         `--S. somphozona^AA05
       `--+--Conocaryommidae^AA05
          |    |--Hegleria Nazarov & Ormiston 1985^AA05
          |    |--Praeconocaryomma Pessagno 1976 [Praeconocaryommidae]^AA05
          |    `--‘Conocaryomma’ Lipman 1969 non Haeckel 1887^AA05
          |         `--C. aralensis^AA05
          |--Plenoentactiniinae^AA05
          |    |--Plenoentactinia Won 1997^AA05
          |    |--Copicyntra Nazarov & Ormiston 1985^AA05
          |    |    `--C. acilaxa^AA05
          |    `--Provisocyntra Nazarov & Ormiston 1987^AA05
          |         `--P. amplissima^AA05
          `--Saturnalata^AA05
               |--Oertlispongidae^AA05
               |    |--Baumgartneria Dumitrica 1982^AA05
               |    |--Bogdanella Kolar-Jurkovsek 1989^AA05
               |    |--Falcispongus Dumitrica 1982^AA05
               |    |--Gibberospongus Kozur & Mostler 1996^AA05
               |    |--Oertlispongus Dumitrica, Kozur & Mostler 1980^AA05
               |    |--Paroertlispongus Kozur & Mostler 1981^AA05
               |    |--Pterospongus Dumitrica 1982^AA05
               |    |--Scutispongus Kozur & Mostler 1996^AA05
               |    |--Steigerispongus Kozur & Mostler 1996^AA05
               |    |--Turospongus Kozur & Mostler 1994^AA05
               |    `--Spongoserrula Dumitrica 1980^AA05
               |         `--S. rarauana^AA05
               `--Saturnalidae^AA05
                    |--Hexasaturnalinae^AA05
                    |    |--Dicerosaturnalis Dumitrica & Dumitrica-Jud in O’Dogherty 1994^AA05
                    |    |--Eospongosaturninus Kozur & Mostler 1990^AA05
                    |    |--Hexasaturnalis Kozur & Mostler 1983^AA05
                    |    `--Octosaturnalis Kozur & Mostler 1990^AA05
                    |--Heliosaturnalinae^AA05
                    |    |--Heliosaturnalis Kozur & Mostler 1972^AA05
                    |    |--Palaeosaturnalis Donofrio & Mostler 1978^AA05
                    |    |--Parasaturnalis Kozur & Mostler 1972^AA05
                    |    |--Praehexasaturnalis Kozur & Mostler 1983^AA05
                    |    |--Spongosaturnaloides Kozur & Mostler 1972^AA05
                    |    |--Stauracanthocircus Kozur & Mostler 1983^AA05
                    |    `--Pseudoheliodiscus Kozur & Mostler 1972 [incl. Pessagnosaturnalis Kozur 1979]^AA05
                    |         `--P. radiosus^AA05
                    `--+--Axopruninae^AA05
                       |    |--Amphisphaerella Haeckel 1887^AA05
                       |    |--Axoprunum Haeckel 1887^AA05
                       |    |--Stylacontarium Popofsky 1912^AA05
                       |    |--Xiphosphaerella Haeckel 1887^AA05
                       |    `--Xiphostyletta Haeckel 1887^AA05
                       `--Saturnalinae^AA05
                            |--Saturnalis Haeckel 1887^AA05
                            |--Acanthocircus Squinabol 1903^AA05
                            |--Aurisaturnalis Dumitrica & Dumitrica-Jud 1994^AA05
                            |--Praeacanthocircus Kozur & Mostler 1983^AA05
                            |--Pseudacanthocircus Kozur & Mostler 1990^AA05
                            |--Spinoellipsella Kozur & Mostler 1990^AA05
                            |--Spongosaturninus Campbell & Clark 1944^AA05
                            `--Vitorfus Pessagno 1977^AA05

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AA05] Afanasieva, M. S., E. O. Amon, Y. V. Agarkov & D. S. Boltovskoy. 2005. Radiolarians in the geological record. Paleontological Journal 39 (Suppl. 3): S135–S392.

[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.

References

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