Belongs within: Asterales.
Contains: Stylidium subgenus Tolypangium.
The Stylidiaceae are a Gondwanan group of mostly herbaceous plants in which flowers have the stamens and style fused in a central column. In members of the genus Stylidium, trigger-plants, the column is long and usually exserted, and curved so that when the corolla lobes are touched the column moves between the labellum and posterior lobes so as to deposit and collect pollen on pollinators (Black & Robertson 1965). Levenhookia have the labellum about half as long as the other corolla lobes and hooded to enclose the erect column (Black & Robertson 1965).
Characters (Black & Robertson 1965): Mostly herbs, with simple alternate or rosulate leaves usually without stipules. Flowers irregular, bisexual; sepals 5, persistent, inserted at summit of hollow adnate receptacle; corolla deeply five-lobed, tube short, lower or anterior lobe (labellum) smaller than others and different in shape; stamens 2, lateral, filaments connate with style in a column or gynostemium; anthers sessile at summit of column, two-celled, opening outwards, often concealing entire or two-lobed stigma; ovary inferior, more or less two-celled or almost one-celled, with numerous or few anatropous ovules; fruit a capsule opening from summit in two valves; seeds small, embryo minute, enclosed in fleshy albumen.
<==Stylidiaceae [Stylidieae]
|--Oreostylidium Bergg. 1878A61, ME70
| `--O. subulatum (Hooker) Bergg. 1878A61, ME70 (see below for synonymy)
|--Phyllachne Forster & Forster 1776A61
| |--P. clavigera (Hooker) Muell. 1873A61 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. colensoi (Hooker) Bergg. 1877A61 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. rubra (Hooker) Cheeseman 1906 [=Helophyllum rubrum Hooker 1864]A61
| `--P. uliginosaCL85
|--LevenhookiaBR65
| |--L. dubiaBR65
| |--L. leptanthaLK00
| |--L. pusillaBR65
| `--L. stipitataOS04
|--Forstera Linn. f. 1780A61
| |--F. bidwillii Hooker 1853 [incl. F. major Colenso 1899, F. truncatella Colenso 1888]A61
| | |--F. b. var. bidwilliiA61
| | `--F. b. var. densifolia Mild. 1908A61
| |--F. mackayi Allan 1935A61
| |--F. sedifolia Forster 1780A61 [=Phyllachne sedifoliaC06; incl. F. sedifolia var. oculata Cheeseman 1906A61]
| `--F. tenella Hooker 1853A61
`--Stylidium Swartz 1805 [incl. Candollea Labillardière 1805]BR65
| i. s.: S. adenophorumLK14
| S. adnatumGK00
| S. affineRL05
| S. amoenumLK00
| S. arenicolaW05
| S. assimileGK00
| S. breviscapumG04b
| S. brunonianumGK00
| |--S. b. ssp. brunonianumGK00
| `--S. b. ssp. minorGK00
| S. caespitosumGK00
| S. calcaratumBR65
| S. caricifoliumOS04
| S. carnosumOS04
| S. ceratophorumLK14
| S. choreanthumW05
| S. ciliatum [=S. piliferum var. ciliatum]BR65
| S. claytonioidesLK14
| S. cordifoliumLK14
| S. corymbosumGK00
| S. costulatumLK14
| S. crassifoliumGK00
| S. diceratumLK14
| S. dichotomumOS04
| S. dielsianumW05
| S. dunlopianumLK14
| S. ecorneGK00
| S. emarginatumGK00
| S. eriopodumOS04
| S. fimbriatumLK14
| S. fissilobumLK14
| S. floodiiLK14
| S. floribundumLK14
| S. fluminenseLK14
| S. glabrifoliumLK00
| S. graminifolium Swartz 1807K03, BR65
| S. guttatumGK00
| S. hirsutumOS04
| S. hispidumGK00
| S. inaequipetalum Black 1938BR65
| S. induratumG04a
| S. junceumGK00
| |--S. j. ssp. junceumGK00
| `--S. j. ssp. breviusGK00
| S. laricifoliumC08 [=Candollea laricifoliaM89]
| S. lepidumGK00
| S. leptocalyxLK00
| S. leptophyllumOS04
| S. leptorrhizumLK14
| S. limbatumW05
| ‘Candollea’ linearisM87
| S. longicornuLK14
| S. luteumOS04
| |--S. l. ssp. luteumOS04
| `--S. l. ssp. clavatumOS04
| S. majus (Smith) Druce 1917 [=Ventenatia majus Smith 1805]BR65
| S. mimeticumGK00
| S. miniatumGK00
| S. mucronatumLK14
| S. multiscapumLK14
| S. muscicolaLK14
| S. pachyrrhizumLK14
| S. paulineaeLK00
| S. periscelianthumGK00
| S. perizosteraLK14
| S. perpusillumBR65
| S. petiolareOS04
| S. piliferumOS04
| S. productumM99
| S. prophyllumLK14
| S. pubigerumOS04
| S. pulchellumGK00
| S. pulviniformeW05
| S. repensOS04
| S. rhipidiumGK00
| S. rhynchocarpumOS04
| S. rivulosumLK14
| S. roseonanumGK00
| S. rotundifoliumLK14
| S. rubriscapumLK14
| S. scandensGK00
| S. schizanthumLK14
| S. schoenoidesGK00
| S. sejunctumG04b
| S. semipartitumLK14
| S. spathulatumGK00
| S. spinulosumGK00
| S. squamellosumOS04
| S. tepperianum [=Candollea tepperiana]BR65
| S. turbinatumLK14
| S. uniflorumOS04
| S. violaceumGK00
| S. yilgarnenseG04a
|--S. subg. NitrangiumW05
| |--S. turleyae Lowrie & Kenneally 2004W05
| `--S. validum Wege 2005W05
`--S. subg. TolypangiumLK00
Oreostylidium subulatum (Hooker) Bergg. 1878A61, ME70 [=Stylidium subulatum Hooker 1864A61, Phyllachne (Forstera) subulata Muell. 1878C06; incl. O. affine Colenso 1888A61]
Phyllachne clavigera (Hooker) Muell. 1873A61 [=Forstera clavigera Hooker 1844A61, Helophyllum clavigerumC06; incl. F. aretiastrifolia Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853A61]
Phyllachne colensoi (Hooker) Bergg. 1877A61 [=Helophyllum colensoi Hooker 1864A61; incl. P. haastii Bergg. 1880A61, P. colensoi var. haastiiC06, H. muscoides Colenso 1894A61]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.
[C08] Cambage, R. H. 1908. Notes on the native flora of New South Wales. Part VI. Deepwater to Torrington and Emmaville. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33 (1): 45–65, pls 1–2.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[CL85] Cokendolpher, J. C., & D. Lanfranco L. 1985. Opiliones from the Cape Horn Archipelago: New southern records for harvestmen. Journal of Arachnology 13: 311–319.
[G04a] Gibson, N. 2004a. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 6. Mt Manning Range. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 35–47.
[G04b] Gibson, N. 2004b. Flora and vegetation of the Eastern Goldfields Ranges: part 7. Middle and South Ironcap, Digger Rock and Hatter Hill. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (2): 49–62.
[GK00] Gibson, N., & G. J. Keighery. 2000. Flora and vegetation of the Byenup-Muir reserve system, south-west Western Australia. CALMScience 3 (3): 323–402.
[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.
[LK00] Lowrie, A. & K. F. Kenneally. 2000. Three new species of Stylidium (Stylidiaceae) from south-west Western Australia. Nuytsia 13: 293–302.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[M89] Maiden, J. H. 1889. Notes on the geographical distribution of some New South Wales plants, compiled from information supplied by W. Bauerlen, and from some diagnoses by Baron von Mueller, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., &c. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 107–112.
[M99] Matthews, M. 1999. Heliothine Moths of Australia: A guide to bollworms and related noctuid groups. CSIRO Publishing.
[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[M87] Mueller, F. von. 1887. Some hitherto undescribed plants of New South Wales. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (4): 1105–1110.
[OS04] Obbens, F. J., & L. W. Sage. 2004. Vegetation and flora of a diverse upland remnant of the Western Australian wheatbelt (Nature Reserve A21064). Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 87 (1): 19–28.
[RL05] Rafferty, C., & B. B. Lamont. 2005. Selective feeding by macropods on vegetation regenerating following fire. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (4): 155–165.
[W05] Wege, J. A. 2005. Stylidium validum (Stylidiaceae): a new trigger plant from southern Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 88 (1): 13–16.