Sulcavitida

Belongs within: Hyolitha.

The Sulcavitida are a group of hyoliths defined by Kruse (2002) to include those species with a ligula present on the venter, and in which the dorsoventral and lateral transitions coincide such that the dorsum perimeter is equal to or greater than the venter perimeter. The type family Sulcavitidae includes less differentiated forms in which the transverse section is elliptical to ovoid, and a median trough may be present on the dorsum (Kruse 2002).

<==Sulcavitida
    |--Parakorilithes He & Pei in He et al. 1984 [Parakorilithidae]K02
    |--AimitidaeK02
    |    |--Oxytus sagittalis Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |--Aimitus Syssoiev 1966MB-M99
    |    |    `--A. impar (Ford 1872) [=Hyolithes impar]MB-M99
    |    `--Hexitheca Syssoiev 1972MB-M99
    |         `--*H. teretiuscula (Linnarsson 1877) (see below for synonymy)MB-M99
    |--ParentilitesMB05 [Atdabanithidae, ParentilitidaeK02]
    |    `--P. parensMB05
    |--Dorsojugatus Sysoyev 1968 [Dorsojugatidae]K02
    |    |--*D. multicostatus Sysoyev 1968K02
    |    `--D. sedecostatus (Sysoiev 1962)W93
    |--PauxillitidaeK02
    |    |--Pauxillites Marek 1966K02
    |    |--Neopauxilites zlatarskii Malinky 1989W93
    |    `--Recilites solitarius (Barrande 1867)W93, M02
    |--CardiolithidaeK02
    |    |--Cardiolithes Qian in Qian & Xiao 1995K02
    |    `--Shandongolithes Qian in Qian & Xiao 1995K02
    |         |--*S. jiulongshanensis Qian in Qian & Xiao 1995K02
    |         `--S. thakal Kruse 2002K02
    |--GakidaeK02
    |    |--Gaka Kruse 1990K02
    |    |    `--G. gakawurin Kruse 1990K02
    |    `--Kalkatungu Kruse 2002K02
    |         `--*K. murlu Kruse 2002K02
    |--Notabilitidae [Crestjahitidae, Doliutidae]K02
    |    |--Jacuticornus tenuistrigatus (Sysoiev 1962)W93
    |    |--Crestjahitus compressus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |--Borealicornus depsilis Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |--Notabilitus costatus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |--Doliutus brevis Meshkova 1974W93
    |    |--BurithesW93
    |    |    |--B. distortus (Sysoiev 1962)W93
    |    |    `--B. elongatus Missarzhevsky 1969W93
    |    `--OblisicornusW93
    |         |--O. compositus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |         |--O. dupliconcavus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |         `--O. tetraconcavus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |--Angusticornidae [Similothecidae]K02
    |    |--Firmicornus obliteratus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |--Yuku Kruse 2002K02
    |    |    `--*Y. tjurtu Kruse 2002K02
    |    |--Similotheca Malinky 1988M02
    |    |    `--‘Hyolithes’ similis Walcott 1890M02
    |    |--AngusticornusW93
    |    |    |--A. acutangulus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    |    `--A. reflexus Sysoiev 1968W93
    |    `--KetemecornusW93
    |         |--K. ermakovi Sysoiev 1974W93
    |         |--K. licitus Sysoiev 1974W93
    |         `--K. viduus (Sysoiev 1968)W93
    |--Trapezovitidae [Amydaicornidae]K02
    |    |--Trapezovitus Syssoiev 1958M02
    |    |    |--*T. sinscus Syssoiev 1958F62
    |    |    `--T. latus Valkov 1975W93
    |    |--KuonamkicornusW93
    |    |    |--K. gracilis Valkov 1975W93
    |    |    `--K. tenuis Valkov 1975W93
    |    |--AnabaricornusW93
    |    |    |--A. jucundus Valkov 1970W93
    |    |    `--A. nanus Valkov 1970W93
    |    |--TuoidachithesW93
    |    |    |--T. costulatus Missarzhevsky 1969W93
    |    |    `--T. figuratus Missarzhevsky 1969W93
    |    `--AmydaicornusW93
    |         |--A. fortis Valkov 1970W93
    |         |--A. mirabilis Valkov 1970W93
    |         `--A. modicus Valkov 1970W93
    |--Inflaticornidae [Linevitidae, Nelegerocornidae]K02
    |    |--Nelegerocornus Meshkova in Repina et al. 1974K02
    |    |--Lenalituus Missarzhevskiy 1980K02
    |    |--Inflaticornis stratigusW93
    |    |--Gerkella Malinky & Sixt 1990K02
    |    |    |--*G. humboldti Malinky & Sixt 1990K02
    |    |    `--G. thuka Kruse 2002K02
    |    |--Yacutolituus Missarzhevskiy 1974K02
    |    |    |--*Y. fusiformis Missarzhevskiy 1974K02
    |    |    `--Y. rakatju Kruse 2002K02
    |    |--Linevitus Syssoiev 1958M02
    |    |    |--*L. obscurus (Holm 1893) [=Hyolithus obscurus]MB-M99
    |    |    |--L. distortus Sysoiev 1962W93
    |    |    |--L. mitralisW93
    |    |    `--L. springerensisM02
    |    `--Microcornus Mambetov 1972K02
    |         |--M. egregius Demidenko in Gravestock et al. 2001K02
    |         |--M. eximius Duan 1984K02
    |         |--M. parvulus Mambetov 1972MB-M99
    |         |--M. petilus Bengtson in Bengtson et al. 1990K02
    |         `--M. simus Missarzhevsky 1974W93
    `--Sulcavitidae [Altaicornidae, Tulenicornidae]K02
         |--Paraeonovitatus Qian 1989M02
         |--Sulcavitus Syssoiev 1958M02
         |    `--*S. caelatus (Holm 1893) [=Hyolithes caelatus, Hyolithus (l. c.) caelatus]M02
         |--Kulangarra Kruse 2002K02
         |    `--*K. kutjurru Kruse 2002K02
         |--Yankongovitus Qian 1978M02
         |    `--‘Hyolithes’ wynnei Waagen 1885M02
         |--Ambrolinevitus Syssoiev 1958F62
         |    `--*A. straitellus (Syssoiev 1958) [=Hyolithus striatellus]M02
         |--Insignicornus Sysoyev 1973W93, K02
         |    `--I. rectus Sysoiev 1973W93
         |--ErraticornusW93
         |    |--E. cordeae Sysoiev 1973W93
         |    `--E. debilis Sysoiev 1973W93
         |--Nitoricornus Syssoiev 1973W93, M90
         |    |--N. communis (Billings 1872)M90
         |    |--N. danianum (Matthew in Walcott 1884) [=Hyolithes danianus, Camerotheca daniana]M90
         |    |--N. impar (Ford 1872)M90
         |    |--N. pictus Sysoiev 1973W93
         |    |--N. subtilis Sysoiev 1973W93
         |    `--N. vegetus Sysoiev 1973W93
         `--Altaicornus Sysoyev 1970 [incl. Tulenicornus Val’kov 1970]K02
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ alatus Val’kov 1970M90
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ gratus Val’kov 1970M90
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ jugatus Val’kov 1970M90
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ laccatus Val’kov 1970M90
              |--‘Hyolithes’ matthewi Sinclair 1946 [=H. decipiens Matthew 1894 non Barrande 1867, Tulenicornus matthewi]M90
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ mollis Val’kov 1970M90
              |--‘Hyolithus’ oelandicus Holm 1893 (see below for synonymy)MB-M99
              |--‘Tulenicornus’ operosus (Cobbold & Pocock 1934)M90
              `--‘*Tulenicornus’ ovalis Val’kov 1970M90

*Hexitheca teretiuscula (Linnarsson 1877) [=Hyolithus teretiusculus, Circotheca teretiuscula, Hyolithes (Orthotheca) teretiusculus, Orthotheca teretiuscula]^MB-M99

‘Hyolithus’ oelandicus Holm 1893 [=Hyolithes oelandicus, Linevitus oelandicus, Maxilites oelandicus, Tulenicornus oelandicus]^MB-M99

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[F62] Fisher, D. W. 1962. Small conoidal shells of uncertain affinities. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt W. Miscellanea: Conodonts, Conoidal Shells of Uncertain Affinities, Worms, Trace Fossils and Problematica pp. W98–W143. Geological Society of America, and University of Kansas Press.

[K02] Kruse, P. D. 2002. Biostratigraphic potential of Middle Cambrian hyoliths from the eastern Georgina Basin. Alcheringa 26: 353–398.

[M90] Malinky, J. M. 1990. Cambrian Hyolitha from northeast Canada: reappraisal of the hyolith orders Camerothecida and Diplothecida. Journal of Paleontology 64 (4): 587–595.

[M02] Malinky, J. M. 2002. A revision of Early to Mid Ordovician hyoliths from Sweden. Palaeontology 45: 511–555.

[MB-M99] Malinky, J. M., & V. Berg-Madsen. 1999. A revision of Holm’s Early and early Mid Cambrian hyoliths of Sweden. Palaeontology 42: 25–65.

[MB05] Martí Mus, M., & J. Bergström. 2005. The morphology of hyolithids and its functional implications. Palaeontology 48 (6): 1139–1167.

[W93] Wills, M. A. 1993. ?Mollusca incertae sedis. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 265–270. Chapman & Hall: London.