Belongs within: Brachiozoa.
Contains: Hyolitha, Rhynchonelliformea, Sunnaginidae, Phoronida, Linguliformea, Craniiformea.
The Tannuolinidae are an Early Cambrian group of animals known from phosphatic sclerites. They are characterised by a distinct microstructure including open setal tubes, and an alternation of thin compact and thicker spacious layers that were probably originally filled with organic compounds (Skovsted et al. 2009). Recent studies have proposed that the tannuolinids include the ancestors of modern Brachiopoda, as well as the extinct Hyolitha.
The Brachiopoda are a phylum of animals superficially similar to bivalve molluscs, but with a very different anatomical structure. The valves of the shell are dorsal and ventral in position, with the ventral larger than the dorsal, with a posterior opening between the valves through with emerges the fleshy pedicle in most species (members of the Craniiformea lack a pedicle). The shell contains a large mantle cavity, which is occupied by a feathery feeding structure, the lophophore. Brachiopods were ecologically predominant during the Palaeozoic, but are a relatively minor part of the recent fauna (Prothero 1998).
Historically, brachiopods have been divided between articulate forms in the Rhynchonelliformea, in which the shell valves are articulated by complementary teeth and sockets, and inarticulate forms in the Linguliformea and Craniiformea, in which such structures are absent. Monophyly of the inarticulate brachiopods has been considered suspect by most recent authors, due to the presence in Rhynchonelliformea and Craniiformea of calcareous shells in contast to the phosphatic shells of the Linguliformea. Matters are further complicated by suggestions that the Phoronida represent shell-less derivatives of brachiopod ancestors (Taylor et al. 2010).
Ptychopeltis incola is an arched, saddle-shaped shell from the Middle Ordovician, originally described as a monoplacophoran mollusc but since re-interpreted as a brachiopod (Rowell 1965).
<==Tannuolinidae [Coniconchia]SB09
|--Tannuolina multifora Fonin & Smirnova 1967SB09, WS93
`--+--Micrina etheridgei (Tate 1892)SB09, WS93
`--+--+--LingulosacculusMSC17
| `--HyolithaMSC17
`--+--YuganothecaMSC17
`--Brachiopoda (see below for synonymy)SB09
| i. s.: AraratellaWM03
| *Bruntonites mellingeniCSZ03
| Loriolithyris russillensisBO02
| Altaethyrella Severgina 1978RZJ04
| Ovalospira Fu 1982RZJ04
| Pectenospira Popov, Nikitin & Sokiran 1999RZJ04
| Muhuathyris circularis Sun, Ma et al. 2004SB04
| AucklandrhynchiaE01
| |--A. lavisE01
| `--A. opuatiaensisE01
| Pleuropugnoides panderiZP86
| Kwangsirhynchus luwuensisXY86
| Hoskingia nobilisF71
| SulciplicaF71
| |--S. tasmaniensis (Morris in Strzelecki 1845) [=Spirifer tasmaniensis]F71
| `--S. transversa [incl. Spirifer vespertilio Morris in Strzelecki 1845]F71
| Harttites Howell & Knight 1936 [=Harttia Walcott 1884 non Steindachner 1877]F62
| `--*H. matthewi (Walcott 1884) [=*Harttia matthewi]F62
| Cariorhynchus tumidaHou79
| Spinacytia ostiolatusHou79
| Eurekaspirifer pinyonensisN79
| Carinapyga loweryiN79
| Septoliphoria astierianaHol79
| Camarophora globulina Phillips 1834W77
| Amblotrema Rafinesque 1831 [=Amblytrema Agassiz 1847]M65
| Biarea Torbakova 1959M65
| Brachiopus Rafinesque 1831M65
| Bufocephalus Linné 1779M65
| Bursula Herrmannsen 1846M65
| Comelicania Frech 1901M65
| `--*C. megalotis (Stache 1878) [=Athyris megalotis]M65
| Cornwallia Wilson 1932M65
| `--*C. minuta Wilson 1932M65
| Diclipsites Rafinesque 1831M65
| Diclisma Rafinesque 1820M65
| Didymospira Salomon 1895M65
| Diphyites Herrmannsen 1846 [=Diphytes Schröter 1779 (non-binomial)]M65
| Dirinus M’Coy 1844M65
| `--*D. bucklandi M’Coy 1844M65
| Gamdaella Miloradovich 1947M65
| Gaspesia Clarke 1907M65
| `--*G. aurelia (Billings 1874) [=Orthis aurelia]M65
| Goniclis Rafinesque 1818M65
| Hemisterias Rafinesque 1832M65
| Ivanovia Ivanova 1949 non Khvorova 1946 (ICBN)M65
| Lampas Humphrey 1797 [=Lampus (l. c.)]M65
| Martinigisis Lebedev 1926M65
| Megarites Rafinesque 1820M65
| Neogypidula Likharev 1934M65
| Peridiolithus Hupsch 1768M65
| Platilites Rafinesque 1820M65
| Pleuranisis Rafinesque 1820M65
| Plicoprothyris Dahmer 1940M65
| Pomatospirella Bittner 1892M65
| `--*P. thecidium (Bittner 1892) [=Spirigera (*Pomatospirella) thecidium]M65
| Reflexa Rotai 1931M65
| `--*R. reflexa Rotai 1931M65
| ‘Rhynchoferella’ Spriestersbach 1942 non Strand 1915M65
| Rictia de Gregorio 1930M65
| `--*R. simplex de Gregorio 1930M65
| Spondylobolus M’Coy 1851 [=Spondilobolus (l. c.), Spondylobus (l. c.)]M65
| `--*S. craniolaris M’Coy 1851M65
| Telistrophis Rafinesque 1832M65
| Venezuelia Weisbord 1926M65
| Virbium deGregorio 1930M65
| Tullypothyridina venustulaZBB12
| Xenospirifer gurjevskensisTY12
| Tenuiatrypa subsalaircaTY12
| Pajaudina atlanticaWJ97
| Phaneropora galatheaePG98
| Zenobiathyris mutabilis Craig 1999M23
| Tianzhushanellidae [Siphonoconcha]L00
| |--Tianzhushanella Liu 1979L00
| | `--*T. ovata Liu 1979L00
| |--Aroonia Bengtson in Bengtson et al. 1990L00
| | `--*A. seposita Bengtson in Bengtson et al. 1990L00
| `--Apistoconcha Conway Morris in Bengtson et al. 1990L00
| |--*A. apheles Conway Morris in Bengtson et al. 1990L00
| |--A. presiphonalisP08
| `--A. siphonalis Conway Morris & Bengtson 1990WS93
| Scambocris Liu 1979L00
| `--*S. hordeolu Liu 1979L00
| Acidotocarena Liu 1979L00
| `--*A. oxyria Liu 1979L00
| Artimyctella Liu 1979L00
| `--*A. yichangensis Liu 1979L00
| Protobolus Liu 1979L00
| `--*P. olivaeformis Liu 1979L00
| Plicatolingula Liu 1979L00
| `--*P. caelata Liu 1979L00
| Psamathopalass Liu 1979L00
| `--*P. amphidoz Liu 1979L00
| Yuanjiapingella Yue in Xing et al. 1984L00
| `--*Y. longa Yue in Xing et al. 1984L00
| Dolichomocelypha Liu 1987L00
| `--*D. nympha Liu 1987L00
| Heosomocelypha Liu 1987L00
| `--*H. elongata Liu 1987L00
|--RhynchonelliformeaTVW10
`--+--+--SunnaginidaeSB09
| `--PhoronidaTVW10
`--+--LinguliformeaTVW10
`--CraniiformeaTVW10
Brachiopoda [Adhaerentia, Brachionacephala, Brachionopoda, Calciata, Ecardines, Gastrocaulia, Inarticulata, Lyopomata, Palliobraches, Palliobranchiata, Pleuropygia, Spirobrachiophora, Spirobranchia, Tendinosa, Tretenterata]SB09
*Type species of generic name indicated
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