Belongs within: Panorpoidea.
Contains: Rhyacophiloidea, Integripalpia, Psychomyioidea, Hydropsychidae.
The Trichoptera, caddisflies, are a group of moth-like insects with aquatic larvae that feed on algae or organic detritus. Larvae of many species construct protective cases using silk and/or debris; others are free-living or inhabit fixed retreats (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). Adults have reduced mouthparts and do not feed except for occasionally taking water or nectar.
Characters (from Ivanov & Sukatsheva 2002): General appearance of adult similar to moths. Body size small to moderately large. Head hypognathous. with eye large, antenna thread-like, mandible weak or lost, maxilla and labium lacking inner lobes, hypopharynx well developed, used in licking liquids. Pronotum short: meso- and metathoraces subequal in length and structure. Legs cursorial, tibiae basically with apical and pracapical spurs, tarsi five-segmented. Wings almost always well developed, covered with setae and numerous short chaetoids among them, rarely with patches of scales. SC sometimes with additional branches. R with apical fork. In most cases RS and M with two apical forks (dichotomously four-branched). CuA with one apical fork. Fore wing with anal veins looped. Cross-veins present. Pterostigma sometimes present. Hind wing often with venation somewhat simplified, sometimes with anal region enlarged, often pleating in folded wings. Male with segment 9 forming entire ring, genitalia generally include aedeagus, gonopods, and modified segment 10. Female primary ovipositor lost; sometimes abdominal segments 8 and 9 elongate to form secondary, often retractable, ovipositor. Immatures aquatic or semiaquatic, without spiracles, using gill or skin breathing. Larva campodeiform, legs well developed, abdominal appendages absent except claw-bearing anal prolegs attached to segment 9. Mouthparts form maxillolabium with well developed silk-weaving spinneret. Larval leg six-segmented (seemingly seven-segmented in most groups due to two-segmented trochanter) with claw-like pretarsus provided with large trichoid sensilla. Pupa with powerful mandibles, leaving retreat to swim actively toward water surface for eclosion.
<==Trichoptera [Phryganaeida, Phryganeida, Phryganites]
|--SpicipalpiaBZ-M04
| |--RhyacophiloideaBZ-M04
| `--IntegripalpiaBZ-M04
`--Annulipalpia [Hydropsychina, Hydropsychoidea, Philopotamoidea]BZ-M04
|--+--PsychomyioideaGE05
| `--HydropsychidaeGE05
`--+--StenopsychidaeGE05
| |--Stenopsyche imitataRJ93
| `--Stenopsychodes Ulmer 1916N83
| |--*S. mjoebergi Ulmer 1916N83
| |--S. aureonigra Schmid 1969N83
| |--S. hiemalis Tillyard 1922N83
| |--S. lineata Neboiss 1977N83
| |--S. melanochrysa Tillyard 1922N83
| |--S. montana Tillyard 1922 [incl. S. venusta Kimmins 1953]N83
| |--S. opsia Neboiss 1974N83
| |--S. syrdena Neboiss 1974N83
| `--S. tillyardi Banks 1939N83
`--PhilopotamidaeGE05
| i. s.: Dolophilus McLachlan 1868N83
| |--D. praemissus Cockerell 1917P92
| `--D. strotus Ross 1938R38
| Hydrobiosella Tillyard 1924N83
| |--*H. stenocerca Tillyard 1924N83
| |--H. amblyopia Neboiss 1982N83
| |--H. anasina Neboiss 1977N83
| |--H. arcuata Kimmins 1953 [=Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) arcuata]N83
| |--H. armata Jacquemart 1965N83
| |--H. bispina Kimmins 1953 [=Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) bispina]N83
| |--H. cerula Neboiss 1977N83
| |--H. cognata Kimmins 1953 (see below for synonymy)N83
| |--H. corinna Neboiss 1977N83
| |--H. letti Korboot 1964N83
| |--H. michaelseni (Ulmer 1908) [=Dolophilus michaelseni, Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) michaelseni]N83
| |--H. orba Neboiss 1977N83
| |--H. sagitta Neboiss 1977N83
| |--H. tasmanica Mosely 1953 [=Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) tasmanica]N83
| `--H. waddama Mosely 1953 [=Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) waddama]N83
| ElectracanthinusP92
| UlmerodinaP92
|--Chimarra Stephens 1829 [Chimarrinae]BZ-M04
| |--*C. marginata (Linnaeus 1767) [=Phryganea marginata]N83
| |--C. australica (Ulmer 1916) [=Chimarrha australica]N83
| |--C. australis (Navás 1923) [=Chimarrha australis]N83
| |--C. monticola Kimmins 1953N83
| `--C. uranka Mosely 1953N83
`--PhilopotaminaeBZ-M04
|--Philopotamus Stephens 1829BZ-M04
| |--P. distinctusRD77
| |--P. montanus (Donovan 1813)BZ-M04
| `--P. variegatus (Scopoli 1763)BZ-M04
`--Wormaldia McLachlan 1865BZ-M04
|--W. moestaWRM02
|--W. occipitalisB86
|--W. saldetica Botosaneanu & González 1984BZ-M04
|--W. subterranea Radovanovic 1932B86
`--W. triangulifera McLachlan 1878BZ-M04
Trichoptera incertae sedis:
Liadotaulius major (Handlirsch 1906)IS02
Prorhyacophila [Prorhyacophilidae]IS02
|--P. furcataIS02
`--P. iani [=Eocorona iani]KIR02
Phenacopsyche larvalisS02
Neurochorema forsteriPSV00
Rhynchopsyche [Rhynchopsychidae]C79
Anabolia nervosaD56
Platychorista [Platychoristidae]R70
`--P. venosaR70
ParapsycheR38
|--P. almota Ross 1938R38
|--P. apicalisR38
|--P. cardis Ross 1938R38
`--P. elsisR38
Atopsyche [Atopsychidae]P92
Electralberta [Electralbertidae]RJ93
`--E. cretacicaRJ93
Taymyrelectron [Taymyrelectronidae]RJ93
`--T. sukatshevaeRJ93
Allomyia Banks 1916Z12
‘Bittacus’ validusP92
Hydrobiosella cognata Kimmins 1953 [=Sortosa (Hydrobiosella) cognata; incl. H. spinosa Jacquemart 1965]N83
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BZ-M04] Bonada, N., C. Zamora-Muñoz, M. Rieradevall & N. Prat. 2004. Trichoptera (Insecta) collected in Mediterranean river basins of the Iberian Peninsula: taxonomic remarks and notes on ecology. Graellsia 60 (1): 41–69.
[B86] Botosaneanu, L. 1986. Insecta: Plecoptera, Trichoptera. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) p. 619. E. J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys: Leiden.
[C79] Craw, R. C. 1979. Generalized tracks and dispersal in biogeography: a response to R. M. McDowall. Systematic Zoology 28 (1): 99–107.
[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[IS02] Ivanov, V. D., & I. D. Sukatsheva. 2002. Order Trichoptera Kirby, 1813. The caddisflies (=Phryganeida Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 199–220. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[KIR02] Kozlov, M. V., V. D. Ivanov & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Order Lepidoptera Linné, 1758. The butterflies and moths (=Papilionida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 220–227. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[N83] Neboiss, A. 1983. Checklist and bibliography of the Australian caddis-flies (Trichoptera). Australian Society for Limnology Special Publication 5: 1–132.
[PSV00] Patrick, B. H., P. Sirvid & C. Vink. 2000. Obituary: Raymond Robert Forster D.Sc., F.E.S.N.Z., Q.S.O. 19 June 1922 – 1 July 2000. New Zealand Entomologist 23: 95–99.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Fossil history. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 168–186. Melbourne University Press.
[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.
[R38] Ross, H. H. 1938. Descriptions of new North American Trichoptera. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (5): 117–124.
[S02] Sinitshenkova, N. D. 2002. Ecological history of the aquatic insects. In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 388–426. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.
[Z12] Zhang, J. 2012. Orientisargidae fam. n., a new Jurassic family of Archisargoidea (Diptera, Brachycera), with review of Archisargidae from China. ZooKeys 238: 57–76.