Belongs within: Scolopacidae.
Tringa, the shanks and wood sandpipers, is a genus of medium-sized long-legged shorebirds with relatively slight changes in plumage between breeding and non-breeding seasons. Members of the genus have a relatively long bill, a tail longer than the bill, and webbing between the toes. Most species have the upperparts marked with more or less conspicuous white spots though the tattlers T. brevipes and T. incana are uniformly dark grey above. The willet T. semipalmata is the largest species in the genus and has a distinctive white and black pattern on the wings.
<==Tringa Linnaeus 1758CC10 (see below for synonymy) |--+--*T. ochropus Linnaeus 1758CC10, BKB15, M02 [=Totanus ochropusB42, Tr. ocropusM02] | `--T. solitaria Wilson 1813BKB15, S05 [=Helodromas solitariusS05, Totanus solitariusS05] `--+--+--T. brevipes (Vieillot 1816)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--T. incana (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--+--+--T. flavipes (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) | `--T. semipalmataBKB15 [=Catoptrophorus semipalmatusJT12] `--+--+--T. erythropus Linnaeus 1758BKB15, M02 | `--+--T. melanoleuca (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 [=Scolopax melanoleucusJ23, Totanus melanoleucusA61] | `--T. nebularia (Gunnerus 1767)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--+--T. stagnatilis (Bechstein 1803)BKB15, CC10 (see below for synonymy) `--+--T. glareola Linnaeus 1758BKB15, M02 (see below for synonymy) `--T. totanus (Linnaeus 1758)BKB15, M02 [=Scolopax totanusM02, Totanus totanusB49; incl. *To. maculatusCC10] |--T. t. totanusI92 `--T. t. eurhinus (Oberholser 1900)I92 Tringa incertae sedis: T. bartramiaJ23 T. edwardsi (Gaillard 1908) [=Totanus edwardsi]M02 ‘Totanus’ fuscusS05 T. gambetta Linnaeus 1758L58 T. gracilis Milne-Edwards 1868 [=Erolia gracilis]M02 T. grigorescui Kessler & Gál 1996M02 T. guttifer (Nordmann 1835)I92 ‘Totanus’ hypoleucosB42 T. littorea Linnaeus 1758L58 ‘Totanus’ minor Ennouchi 1930 (see below for synonymy)M02 T. numenioides (Serebrovs’kyj 1941) [=Totanus numenioides, Tr. numenioidea]M02 ‘Totanus’ praecursor Laube 1901M02 T. scarabellii (Portis 1887) [=Totanus scarabellii]M02 ‘Totanus’ vociferus [=Scolopax vociferus]J23
‘Totanus’ minor Ennouchi 1930 non Tringa cinclus minor Schlegel 1844 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.) [=Erolia ennouchii Brodkorb 1967]M02
Tringa Linnaeus 1758CC10 [=Trynga Moehring 1758CC10; incl. Erythroscelus Kaup 1829B94, Glottis Koch 1816CC10, Heteractitis Stejneger 1884CC10, Heteroscelus Baird 1858CC10, Iliornis Kaup 1829CC10, Totanus Bechstein 1803CC10; Erythroscelini, Totanini, Tringini]
Tringa brevipes (Vieillot 1816)BKB15, CC10 [=Totanus brevipesCC10, *Heteractitis brevipesCC10, *Heteroscelus incanus brevipesCC10, JT12]
Tringa flavipes (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 [=Scolopax flavipesCC10, Gambetta flavipesB49, Totanus flavipesS18, To. flairpes (l. c.)S05]
Tringa glareola Linnaeus 1758JT12, M02 [=Totanus glareolaS05; incl. Rhyacophilus glareola picturata Mathews 1916WS48]
Tringa incana (Gmelin 1789)BKB15, CC10 [=Scolopax incanaCC10, Heteractitis incanusCC10, Heteroscelus incanusJT12, Totanus incanusCC10]
Tringa nebularia (Gunnerus 1767)BKB15, CC10 [=Scolopax nebulariaCC10, Glottis nebulariusCC10, Totanus nebulariusS05; incl. Scolopax glottis Latham 1787CC10, To. glottisCC10, *Glottis glottisCC10, To. glottoides Vigors & Gould 1831CC10]
Tringa stagnatilis (Bechstein 1803)BKB15, CC10 [=Totanus stagnatilisCC10, *Iliornis stagnatilisCC10; incl. I. stagnatilis addenda Mathews 1915CC10]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.
[B49] Baker, E. W. 1949. A review of the mites of the family Cheyletidae in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 99 (3238): 267–320.
[B42] Blyth, E. 1842. Abstract of a letter relating to various species of birds which are found both in India and Europe. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 93–94.
[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.
[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.
[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.
[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.
[J23] James, E. 1823. Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and ’20, by order of the Hon. J. C. Calhoun, sec’y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party vol. 1. H. C. Carey & I. Lea: Philadelphia.
[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.
[S05] Schalow, H. 1905. Die Vögel der Arktis. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 79–288. Gustav Fischer: Jena.
[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.
[WS48] Whittell, H. M., & D. L. Serventy. 1948. A systematic list of the birds of Western Australia. Public Library, Museum and Art Gallery of Western Australia, Special Publication 1: 1–126.