Trochilidae

Belongs within: Apodiformes.
Contains: Trochilinae, Phaethornithinae.

The Trochilidae are the hummingbirds, a group of very small, long-billed nectarivorous birds. Modern hummingbirds are found only in the New World, though the early Oligocene genus Eurotrochilus attests to their past presence in Europe. Palaeogene swift-like birds historically classified as the family ‘Jungornithidae’ are also now recognised as basal trochilids (Mayr 2009).

Characters (Mayr 2004): Size tiny; humerus and ulna extremely abbreviated and stocky, pronounced distal protrusion on humeral head; sternal end of coracoid column-like with convex dorsal surface and greatly reduced lateral process; sternal carina very high, caudal margin of corpus lacking any incisions; furcula widely U-shaped; legs very thin; bill greatly elongated, maxillary processes of palatine widely separated.

<==Trochilidae [Cypselavidae, Jungornithidae, Trochili, Trochiliformes]M09
    |--Argornis Karhu 1999M03
    |    `--A. caucasicus Karhu 1999M09
    |--Parargornis Mayr 2003M03
    |    `--*P. messelensis Mayr 2003M03
    `--+--Jungornis Karhu 1988M03
       |    |--J. geraldmayri Mourer-Chauviré & Sigé 2006M09
       |    `--J. tesselatus Karhu 1988M03
       `--+--Eurotrochilus Mayr 2004M09, M04
          |    |--*E. inexpectatus Mayr 2004M04
          |    `--E. noniewiczi Bocheński & Bocheński 2008M09
          `--+--TrochilinaePB15
             `--+--PhaethornithinaePB15
                `--+--Topaza Gray 1840PB15, B94 [Topazinae]
                   |    |--T. pellaPB15
                   |    `--T. pyraJT12
                   `--Florisuga Bonaparte 1850BKB15, B94 [Florisuginae]
                        |--F. fuscaBKB15
                        `--F. mellivoraBKB15 [incl. F. mellisuga flabelliferaRN72]

Trochilidae incertae sedis:
  Melanotrochilus fuscusMa02
  Sericotes holosericeusRN72
  Leucochloris albicollisJT12
  Paphosia adorabilisA61
  SaucerottiaS18
    |--S. devilleiFS55
    |--S. edwardiS18
    `--S. niveoventerS18
  Sternoclyta cyanopectusJT12
  Tilmatura dupontiiJT12
  Abeillia abeilleiJT12
  Anopetia gounelleiJT12
  Hylonympha macrocercaJT12
  Goethalsia bellaJT12
  Eulidia yarrelliiJT12
  Sparganura sapphoH04
  Steganura underwoodiH04
  Polyerata amabilisS18
  Anthoscenus longirostrisS18
  Cypselavus Gaillard 1908M09, M03 [incl. Palescyvus Karchu 1988Ml02]
    `--*C. gallicus Gaillard 1908Ml02 [incl. *Palescyvus escampensis Karhu 1988Ml02, M09]
  Juliamyia julieAP21
  Basilinna leucotisAP21

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AP21] Arlott, N., & B. van Perlo. 2021. Collins Birds of the World. William Collins.

[A61] Austin, O. L., Jr. 1961. Birds of the World: A survey of the twenty-seven orders and one hundred and fifty-five families. Paul Hamlyn: London.

[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.

[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.

[FS55] Felten, H., & J. Steinbacher. 1955. Zur Vogelfauna von El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (1–2): 9–19.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[Ma02] Mayr, G. 2002. Osteological evidence for paraphyly of the avian order Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and allies). Journal für Ornithologie 143: 82–97.

[M03] Mayr, G. 2003. A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering. Ibis 145: 382–391.

[M04] Mayr, G. 2004. Old World fossil record of modern-type hummingbirds. Science 304: 861–864.

[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.

[Ml02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[PB15] Prum, R. O., J. S. Berv, A. Dornburg, D. J. Field, J. P. Townsend, E. M. Lemmon & A. R. Lemmon. 2015. A comprehensive phylogeny of birds (Aves) using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing. Nature 526: 569–573.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 2. Blandford Press: London.

[S18] Stone, W. 1918. Birds of the Panama Canal Zone, with special reference to a collection made by Mr. Lindsey L. Jewel. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 239–280.