Belongs within: Secernentea.
Contains: Criconematina, Tylenchoidea, Hoplolaimina, Anguinoidea, Neotylenchidae, Parasitylenchidae, Sphaerulariidae, Allantonematidae, Paurodontinae.
The Tylenchida are a group of nematodes that are commonly found as plant parasites. Members of the clade are united by the presence of a protrusible stylet (Siddiqi 2000).
Representatives include the Sphaerularioidea, species of which are usually internal parasites of insects or mites for part of their life cycles. Two alternating parasitic generations are present in the families Parasitylenchidae and Iotonchiidae, with two or more types of adult potential found in the host haemocoel, whereas other families have only a single parasitic generation and are only found in the host as heterosexual females. Sphaerularioids lack the median oesophageal bulb (Siddiqi 2000). The genus Fergusobia is found in association with the gall-forming fly genus Fergusonina.
Characters (Siddiqi 2000): Protrusible stylet; oesophagus mostly non-muscular except for median oesophageal bulb; orifice of dorsal oesophageal gland located in precorpus, usually at base of stylet; gonoducts outstretched; oviduct with two rows of cells; spicules paired; genital papillae, if present, located around cloacal aperture; male caudal papillae absent; small pore-like anus in juveniles and females.
<==Tylenchida [Allantonematida, Tylenchina]S00
|--+--CriconematinaS00
| `--+--TylenchoideaS00
| `--HoplolaiminaS00
`--+--AnguinoideaS00
`--Sphaerularioidea [Allantonematina, Heterotylenchina, Hexatylina, Iotonchioidea, Sphaerulariina]S00
| i. s.: Anguillonema Fuchs 1938S00
| |--*A. poligraphi Fuchs 1938 (n. d.)S00
| `--A. crenati Fuchs 1938 (n. d.)S00
| Helionema Brzeski 1962S00
| `--*H. gracile Brzeski 1962 (n. d.)S00
| Robleus Massey 1974S00
| `--*R. cylindricus Massey 1974 (n. d.)S00
|--NeotylenchidaeS00
|--Phaenopsitylenchus Blinova & Korenchenko 1986 [Phaenopsitylenchidae]PJ02
|--ParasitylenchidaePJ02
|--Beddingia Blinova & Korenchenko 1986 [Beddingiidae]PJ02
|--SphaerulariidaePJ02
|--AllantonematidaePJ02
|--PaurodontinaeS00
|--AnandranematidaePJ02
| |--Anandranema Poinar, Ferro et al. 1993PJ02
| | `--*A. phlebotophaga Poinar et al. 1993S00, PJ02
| `--Elaeolenchus Poinar, Jackson et al. 2002PJ02
| `--*E. parthenonema Poinar, Jackson et al. 2002PJ02
|--Fergusobia Currie 1937S00 [incl. Dorsalla Jairajpuri 1966S00; FergusobiidaePJ02, Fergusobiinae]
| |--*F. tumifaciens (Currie 1937) [=Anguillulina (*Fergusobia) tumifaciens, A. (F.) curriei Johnston 1938]S00
| |--F. brevicauda Siddiqi 1996S00
| |--F. fisheri Davies & Lloyd 1996S00
| |--F. indica (Jairajpuri 1962) [=Boleodorus indicus, Dorsalla indica]S00
| |--F. jambophila Siddiqi 1986S00
| |--F. magna Siddiqi 1986S00
| `--F. philippinensis Siddiqi 1996S00
`--Iotonchiidae [Iotonchiinae, Skarbilovinematinae]PJ02
|--Skarbilovinema Chizhov & Zakharenkova 1991S00
| |--*S. laumondi Chizhov & Zakharenkova 1991S00
| `--S. lyoni Chizhov & Zakharenkova 1991S00
|--Iotonchium Cobb 1920S00
| |--*I. imperfectum (Bütschli 1876) [=Tylenchus imperfectus, Anguillulina (Iotonchium) imperfecta]S00
| |--I. cateniforme Tsuda & Futai 1999S00
| |--I. cephalostrictum Meyl 1954S00
| `--I. mycophilum Meyl 1954S00
|--Fungiotonchium Siddiqi 1986S00
| |--*F. bifurcatum (Goodey 1953) [=Iotonchium bifurcatum]S00
| |--F. californicum (Poinar 1991) [=Iotonchium californicum]S00
| |--F. fungorum (Bütschli 1873) (see below for synonymy)S00
| `--F. macrospiculatum ((Meyl 1954) [=Hexatylus macrospiculatus, Iotonchium macrospiculatum]S00
`--Paraiotonchium Slobodyanyuk 1975S00
|--*P. autumnale (Nickle 1967) [=Heterotylenchus autumnalis]S00
|--P. muscadomesticae Coler & Nguyen 1994S00
|--P. nicholasi Slobodyanyuk 1975S00
|--P. osiris Slobodyanyuk 1976S00
`--P. xanthomelas (Reddy & Rao 1988) [=Heterotylenchus xanthomelas]S00
Nomen nudum: Iotonchium sabulosum Izatullaeva 1967S00
Fungiotonchium fungorum (Bütschli 1873) [=Tylenchus fungorus, Anguillulina fungora, Hexatylus fungorus, Iotonchium fungorum, Neotylenchus fungorus]S00
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[PJ02] Poinar, G. O., Jr., T. A. Jackson, N. L. Bell & M. B. Wahid. 2002. Elaeolenchus parthenonema n. g., n. sp. (Nematoda: Sphaerularioidea: Anandranematidae n. fam.) parasitic in the palm-pollinating weevil Elaeidobius kamerunincus Faust, with a phylogenetic synopsis of the Sphaerularioidea Lubbock 1861. Systematic Parasitology 52: 219–225.
[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).