Belongs within: Opiliones.
Contains: Kimulidae, Escadabiidae, Zalmoxidae.
The Zalmoxoidea are a clade of harvestmen whose members have a small ocularium removed from the anterior margin of the carapace, a well-marked, unarmed dorsal bulla on the basal segment of the chelicerae, and sexually dimorphic fourth legs (Sharma & Giribet 2011).
<==Zalmoxoidea
| i. s.: Phalangodella Roewer 1912 (see below for synonymy)KP-G15
| |--*P. aequatorialis Roewer 1912KP-G15
| |--P. flavipes (Mello-Leitão 1949) [=*Langodinus flavipes]KP-G15
| |--P. fulvescens (Mello-Leitão 1943) [=Exlineia fulvescens]KP-G15
| |--P. milagroi (Mello-Leitão 1942) [=*Exlineia milagroi, Erxlineia milagroi]KP-G15
| |--P. rhinoceros (Mello-Leitão 1945)KP-G15 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. rugipes (Roewer 1949) [=*Cochirapha rugipes]KP-G15
| `--P. urarmata (Roewer 1949) [=*Phalpuna urarmata]KP-G15
| Trypophobica Cruz-López et al. 2021DL23
|--+--+--Urachiche González-Sponga 1987P-GC17, K03
| | | `--*U. nerysae González-Sponga 1987K03
| | `--Parascotolemon Roewer 1912SG12, K03 [=Porascotolemon (l. c.)K03; incl. Actinobunus Goodnight & Goodnight 1942K03]
| | |--*P. ornatum Roewer 1912K03, KP-G15 [=P. ornataK03]
| | |--P. bipunctus (González-Sponga 1987) [=Actinobunus bipunctum]K03
| | `--P. hirsutus (Goodnight & Goodnight 1942) [=*Actinobunus hirsutus]K03
| `--+--+--KimulidaeP-GC17
| | `--EscadabiidaeP-GC17
| `--Guasiniidae [Guasinidae]SG12
| |--Guaiquinimia González-Sponga 1997P-RK03
| | `--*G. longipes González-Sponga 1997K03
| `--Guasinia González-Sponga 1997P-GC17, P-RK03
| |--*G. delgadoi González-Sponga 1997P-RK03
| `--G. persephone Pinto-da-Rocha & Kury 2003P-RK03
`--+--+--Turquinia Šilhavý 1979P-GC17, K03
| | `--*T. montana Šilhavý 1979K03
| `--+--Costabrimma Goodnight & Goodnight 1983SG12, GG83
| | |--*C. cruzensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1983GG83
| | |--C. nicoyensis Goodnight & Goodnight 1983GG83
| | `--C. terrena Goodnight & Goodnight 1983GG83
| `--IcaleptidaeSG12
| |--Icaleptes Kury & Pérez 2002K03
| | `--*I. malkini Kury & Pérez 2002K03
| `--Zalmopsylla Kury & Pérez 2002KPG07, K03
| `--*Z. platnicki Kury & Pérez 2002K03
`--+--Fissiphallius Martens 1988K03 [FissiphalliidaeSG12]
| |--*F. sturmi Martens 1988K03
| |--F. chicoi Tourinho & Pérez Gonzalez 2006SG11
| |--F. martensi Pinto-da-Rocha 2004KSP-G15
| |--F. orube Polydoro & Pinto-da-Rocha 2012KSP-G15
| |--F. spinulatus Martens 1988K03
| |--F. sympatricus Martens 1988K03
| `--F. tucupi Tourinho & Pérez-González 2006KSP-G15
`--ZalmoxidaeSG12
Phalangodella Roewer 1912 [incl. Cochirapha Roewer 1949, Exlineia Mello-Leitão 1942, Erxlineia, Langodinus Mello-Leitão 1949, Phalpuna Roewer 1949]KP-G15
Phalangodella rhinoceros (Mello-Leitão 1945)KP-G15 [=Exlineia rhinocerosKP-G15; incl. Neoscotolemon caheni Rambla 1980K03]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[DL23] Derkarabetian, S., A. Lord, K. Angier, E. Frigyik & G. Giribet. 2023. An Opiliones-specific ultraconserved element probe set with a near-complete family-level phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 187: 107887.
[GG83] Goodnight, C. J., & M. L. Goodnight. 1983. Opiliones of the family Phalangodidae found in Costa Rica. Journal of Arachnology 11: 201–242.
[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1–337.
[KPG07] Kury, A. B., & Pérez González, A. 2007. Icaleptidae Kury and Pérez G., 2002. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 205–207. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).
[KP-G15] Kury, A. B., & A. Pérez-González. 2015. A companion to part 2 of the world checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida): Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6663.
[KSP-G15] Kury, A. B., D. R. Souza & A. Pérez-González. 2015. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 2: Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6482.
[P-GC17] Pérez-González, A., F. S. Ceccarelli, B. G. O. Monte, D. N. Proud, M. B. DaSilva & M. E. Bichuette. 2017. Light from dark: a relictual troglobite reveals a broader ancestral distribution for kimulid harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Kimulidae) in South America. PLoS One 12 (11): e0187919.
[P-RK03] Pinto-da-Rocha, R., & A. B. Kury. 2003. Third species of Guasiniidae (Opiliones, Laniatores) with comments on familial relationships. Journal of Arachnology 31: 394–399.
[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.
[SG12] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2012. Out of the Neotropics: Late Cretaceous colonization of Australasia by American arthropods. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B—Biological Sciences 279: 3501–3509.