Belongs within: Cottoidei.
Contains: Zoarcidae.
The Zoarcales are marine fishes with usually elongate, more or less compressed bodies, long dorsal and anal fins, and a single nostril on each side (Bond 1996). Representatives include the Stichaeidae, pricklebacks, which are found in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, and have pelvic fins under or in front of the pectoral fins, and a single dorsal fin with spines throughout its length, extending the entire length of the trunk (Collette 2002a).
Zoarcales [Bathymasteridae, Zoarcoidei]B-RW17
| i. s.: OpaeophacusB96
| Gymnelis viridisB96
| PtilichthyidaeB96
| ScytalinidaeB96
| EulophiidaeB-RW17
|--Rathbunella hypoplectaND13
`--+--BathymasterND13
| |--B. caeruleofasciatusB-RW17
| `--B. signatusND13
`--+--Cebidichthys violaceusB-RW17
`--+--Bryozoichthys marjoriusB-RW17
`--+--+--ZaproridaeB-RW17
| | |--Araeosteus rothi Jordan & Gilbert 1920P93
| | `--Zaprora silenusB-RW17
| `--+--CryptacanthodidaeB-RW17
| | |--Lyconectes aleutensis Gilbert 1895P93
| | `--CryptacanthodesND13
| | |--C. giganteusB96
| | `--C. maculatus Storer 1839C02c
| `--StichaeidaeB-RW17
| | i. s.: Ulvaria subbifurcata (Storer 1839)C02a
| | Ascoldia agnevica Grechina 1980P93
| | Ernogrammus litoralis Grechina 1980P93
| | XiphisterCC98
| | |--X. atropurpureusB96
| | `--X. mucosusCC98
| | StichaeusC02a
| | |--S. grigorieviSSE10
| | |--S. nozawaeSSE10
| | `--S. punctatus (Fabricius 1780)C02a
| | AnoplarchusYS83
| | |--A. insignisYS83
| | `--A. purpurescens [incl. A. purpurescens archolepis]YS83
| |--Poroclinus rothrockiB-RW17
| `--+--Leptoclinus maculatus Fries 1837B-RW17, C02a [=Lumpenus maculatusC02a]
| `--LumpenusB-RW17
| |--L. fabriciiB-RW17
| |--L. lumpretaeformis (Walbaum 1792)C02a
| | |--L. l. lumpretaeformisC02a
| | |--L. l. americanusC02a
| | `--L. l. terraenovaeC02a
| `--L. sagittaSSE10
`--+--+--Pholis Gronovius in Scopoli 1787B77 [PholidaeB-RW17]
| | |--P. crassispinaND13
| | |--P. gunnellus (Linnaeus 1758)C02b
| | `--P. ornataB-RW17
| `--AnarhichadidaeB-RW17
| |--Anarrhichthys ocellatusB96
| `--Anarhichas Linnaeus 1758L58
| |--*A. lupus Linnaeus 1758L58 [=A. orientalis lupusB-RW17]
| |--A. denticulatusR02
| |--A. minor Ólafsen 1772R02
| |--A. orientalisB-RW17
| `--A. pantherinusD56
`--ZoarcidaeB-RW17
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B77] Bath, H. 1977. Revision der Blenniini (Pisces: Blenniidae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 167–234.
[B-RW17] Betancur-R, R., E. O. Wiley, G. Arratia, A. Acero, N. Bailly, M. Miya, G. Lecointre & G. Ortí. 2017. Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 17: 162.
[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.
[CC98] Choat, J. H., & K. D. Clements. 1998. Vertebrate herbivores in marine and terrestrial environments: a nutritional ecology perspective. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 375–403.
[C02a] Collette, B. B. 2002a. Pricklebacks. Family Stichaeidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3rd ed. pp. 474–481. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[C02b] Collette, B. B. 2002b. Gunnels. Family Pholidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3rd ed. pp. 481–483. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[C02c] Collette, B. B. 2002c. Wrymouths. Family Cryptacanthodidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3rd ed. pp. 483–485. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.
[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis revised 10th ed. vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.
[ND13] Near, T. J., A. Dornburg, R. I. Eytan, B. P. Keck, W. L. Smith, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, S. A. Price, F. T. Burbrink, M. Friedman & P. C. Wainwright. 2013. Phylogeny and tempo of diversification in the superradiation of spiny-rayed fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 110 (31): 12738–12743.
[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.
[R02] Rountree, R. A. 2002. Wolffishes. Family Anarhichadidae. In: Collette, B. B., & G. Klein-MacPhee (eds) Bigelow and Schroeder’s Fishes of the Gulf of Maine 3rd ed. pp. 485–496. Smithsonian Institute Press: Washington.
[SSE10] Sokolovskaya, T. G., A. S. Sokolovsky & I. V. Epur. 2010. Composition and seasonal variability of ichthyoplankton collected using fishing lights in Vostok Bay (Peter the Great Bay, Sea of Japan). In: China-Russia Bilateral Symposium: Proceedings of the China-Russia Bilateral Symposium of “Comparison on Marine Biodiversity in the Northwest Pacific Ocean”, 10–11 October 2010, Qingdao (China) pp. 182–186. Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; A. V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
[YS83] Yoshiyama, R. M., & C. Sassaman. 1983. Morphological and allozymic variation in the stichaeid fish Anoplarchus purpurescens. Systematic Zoology 32 (1): 52–71.