Gentianella

Belongs within: Gentianeae.

Gentianella is a cosmopolitan genus of gentianaceous herbs bearing nectariferous flowers. Circumscription of the genus has been contentious. Gentianella sensu stricto have a corolla-tube longer than the lobes, single nectary glands and stamens inserted about the middle of the corolla-tube (Adams 1995). Australasian and South American species were placed by Adams (1995) in a segregate genus Chionogentias with a shorter corolla-tube and non-decurrent stigmas. Lomatogonium has been recognised as a Holarctic genus with deeply divided corollas and stamens inserted in the sinuses between corolla lobes (Struwe et al. 2002).

Characters (Struwe et al. 2002): Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs; decumbent or erect. Stems usually sparsely branched above, rarely many stems from base. Stems terete or quadrangular. Flowers 4- or 5-merous, forming terminal or axillary umbelliform cymes, or borne singly. Calyx with a very short to well-developed tube, sometimes split to base on one side. Intracalycine membrane absent. Corolla infundibuliform, cylindrical, hypocrateriform, rotate, or campanulate. Aestivation convolute. Corolla shallowly divided or divided almost to base. Corolla tube may have vascularized fimbriae, non-vascularized fimbriae, or none at all. Fimbriae, when present, scattered, united in a ring, or arranged in a row at base of each corolla lobe. Plicae absent. Stamens inserted at or below middle of corolla tube. Filaments filiform and occasionally barbate below. One or two naked nectaries per corolla lobe present at base of corolla tube. Ovary sessile or with short gynophore. Style indistinct or absent. Seeds usually unwinged or rarely winged.

Gentianella Moench 1794A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--+--+--Jaeschkea Kurz 1870 [incl. Kurramiana]SK02
    |  |  |    |--J. oligosperma [incl. *J. gentianoides (nom. illeg.)]SK02
    |  |  |    `--J. canaliculataSK02
    |  |  `--+--‘Swertia’ japonicaSK02
    |  |     `--+--‘Swertia’ dilutaSK02
    |  |        `--‘Swertia’ franchetianaSK02
    |  `--+--+--G. amarellaSK02
    |     |  |    |--G. a. var. amarellaH93
    |     |  |    |--G. a. var. acutaH93 [=Gentiana amarella var. acutaH93; incl. Gentiana plebejaG39]
    |     |  |    `--‘Gentiana acuta’ var. stricta Grisebach 1839 non G. stricta Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1820G39
    |     |  `--G. wislizeniiSK02
    |     `--+--G. aurea [=Aloitis aurea]SK02
    |        |--G. cosmanthaSK02
    |        |--G. saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |        `--+--G. quinquefoliaSK02
    |           `--G. turkestanorumSK02
    `--+--+--‘Lomatogonium’ macranthumSK02
       |  `--Comastoma Toyokuni 1961SK02
       |       |  i. s.: C. nanumBGS05
       |       |         C. polycladumSK02
       |       |         C. pulmonariumJS02
       |       |--C. malysheviiSK02
       |       `--+--C. cyananthiflorumSK02
       |          `--+--*C. tenellumSK02 (see below for synonymy)
       |             `--+--C. falcatumSK02
       |                `--C. stellariifoliumSK02
       `--+--G. moorcroftianaSK02
          `--+--G. azureaSK02
             `--+--‘Lomatogonium’ bicoronatumSK02
                |--G. carinthiaca (Wulfen) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005BGS05 (see below for synonymy)
                |    |--G. c. var. carinthiacaG39
                |    |--‘Pleurogyne carinthiaca’ var. gracilis Grisebach 1839G39
                |    |--‘Pleurogyne carinthiaca’ var. purshii [incl. Swertia pusilla]G39
                |    `--‘Pleurogyne carinthiaca’ var. stelleriana [=Gentiana stelleriana]G39
                |--‘Lomatogonium’ oreocharisSK02
                `--‘Swertia’ rotataG39 (see below for synonymy)
                     |--S. r. var. rotataG39
                     |--‘Pleurogyne rotata’ var. americana Grisebach 1839G39
                     `--‘Pleurogyne rotata’ var. tenuifolia Grisebach 1839G39

Gentianella incertae sedis:
  G. campestrisA95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. c. var. campestrisG39
    `--G. c. var. montana non Gentiana montana Forster 1786 [incl. G. campestris β chloraefolia]G39
  G. anglicaSK02
  G. angustifloraO88
  G. anisodontaSK02
  G. antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. astonii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana astonii Petrie 1916, Chionogentias astonii (Petrie) Adams 1995]A95
  G. asperaSK02
  G. aurantiacaRJ11
  ‘Chionogentias’ barringtonensis Adams 1995A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ bawbawensis Adams 1995A95
  G. bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968SK02, A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Lomatogonium’ brachyantherumO88
  ‘Chionogentias’ brevisepala Adams 1995A95
  G. bulgaricaJS02
  ‘Lomatogonium’ caeruleumO88
  G. caucasicaJS02
  G. cephalanthaJS02
  G. cephanthaJS02
  G. cerastioidesSK02 (see below for synonymy)
  G. cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. c. var. cerinaA61
    `--‘Gentiana’ cerina var. suberecta (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906 [=G. cerina f. suberecta Kirk 1895]A61
  G. chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ clelandii Adams 1995A95
  G. concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. cunninghamiiBC02 [=Chionogentias cunninghamii Adams 1995A95]
    |--C. c. ssp. cunninghamiiA95
    `--C. c. ssp. major Adams 1995A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ demissa Adams 1995A95
  G. diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 (see below for synonymy)A95
    |--G. d. ssp. diemensisA95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ d. ssp. plantaginea Adams 1995A95
  G. diffusaSK02 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--C. d. var. divisaA61
    `--‘Gentiana’ d. var. magnifica (Kirk) Allan 1961 [=G. bellidifolia var. magnifica Kirk 1895]A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ eichleri Adams 1995A95
  G. falcataO88
  G. filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. foliosaSK02 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. f. var. foliosaG39
    `--‘Gentiana’ f. var. laxa Grisebach 1839G39
  G. germanicaSK02
  G. gibbsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gibbsii Petrie 1917, Chionogentias gibbsii (Petrie) Adams 1995]A95
  G. glanduligeraO88
  ‘Lomatogonium’ graciliflorumO88
  ‘Chionogentias’ grandis Adams 1995A95
  G. gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Chionogentias’ gunniana Adams 1995A95
  ‘Gentiana’ lilliputiana Webb 1990 [=Chionogentias lilliputiana (Webb) Adams 1995]A95
  G. lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Lomatogonium’ lloydioidesO88
  G. lowndesiiO88
  G. matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. montana (Forster) Holub 1967A95 (see below for synonymy)
    |--G. m. var. montanaA95
    |--‘Gentiana’ m. var. flaccida Grisebach 1838 (n. d.)A95
    `--‘Gentiana’ m. var. stolonifera Cheeseman 1906A61
  ‘Chionogentias’ muelleriana Adams 1995A95
    |--C. m. ssp. muellerianaA95
    |--C. m. ssp. alpestris Adams 1995A95
    |--C. m. ssp. jingerensis Adams 1995A95
    `--C. m. ssp. willisiana Adams 1995A95
  G. paludosaO88
  G. patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. pedunculataO88
  G. peruvianaSK02 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 (see below for synonymy)A95
    |  i. s.: G. p. var. abbreviata Grisebach in de Candolle 1845 (n. d.)A95
    |--G. p. ssp. pleurogynoidesA95
    `--‘Chionogentias’ p. ssp. milliganii Adams 1995A95
  ‘Chionogentias’ polysperes Adams 1995A95
  G. pygmaea [=*Aliopsis pygmaea]SK02
  G. ramosaJS02
  G. serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993A95 (see below for synonymy)
  ‘Lomatogonium’ sikkimenseO88
  G. spenceri (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana spenceri Kirk 1895, Chionogentias spenceri (Kirk) Adams 1995]A95
  G. stellariifoliaO88
  G. stenocalyxJS02
  ‘Chionogentias’ sylvicola Adams 1995A95
  G. tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. thyrsoidea (Hooker) Fabris 1958A95 (see below for synonymy)
  G. tornezyanaSK02
  G. townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. uliginosusSK02
  G. vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 (see below for synonymy)A95
  G. vvedenskyiO88

‘Chionogentias’ divisa (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. divisa Kirk 1895^A95, Gentiana divisa (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906^A95, Gentianella bellidifolia var. divisa (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993^A95; incl. Gentiana bellidifolia var. vacillata Kirk 1895^A61]

*Comastoma tenellum^SK02 [=Gentiana tenella^H93, Gentianella tenella^H93, Hippion tenellum^G39; incl. Gentiana borealis^G39, Gentiana dichotoma^G39, Hippion dichotomum^G39, Gentiana glacialis^G39, Gentiana koenigii^G39, Hippion longepedunculatum^G39, Gentiana tetragona^G39]

‘Gentiana’ pleurogynoides Grisebach 1838 [=Chionogentias pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Adams 1995, G. montana var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1857, G. saxosa var. pleurogynoides (Grisebach) Hooker 1853]^A95

Gentianella Moench 1794^A95 [incl. Aliopsis^SK02, Aloitis^SK02, Gentiana sect. Andicola Grisebach 1838^A95, Gentianella sect. Andicola (Grisebach) Holub 1967^A95, Gentiana sect. Antarctophila Grisebach 1838^A95, Gentianella sect. Antarctophila (Grisebach) Holub 1967^A95, Chionogentias Adams 1995^{SK02, A95}, Gentiana sect. Dasystephana Grisebach 1845^A95, Lomatogoniopsis^SK02, Lomatogonium Braun 1830^SK02, Gentiana sect. Oreophylax Endlicher 1838^A95, Oreophylax (Endlicher) Willis 1925 (nom. inv.)^A95, Pitygentias Gilg 1916^{SK02, A95}, Pleurogyne^A95, Pleurogynella^SK02, Selatium Don 1837^A95]

Gentianella antarctica (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana antarctica Kirk 1895^A95, Chionogentias antarctica (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana concinna β elongata^A61, G. montana β elongata Grisebach 1839^G39, Gentiana antarctica var. imbricata Kirk 1895^A61, Gentiana concinna var. robusta Hooker 1844^A95]

Gentianella antipoda (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana antipoda Kirk 1895^A95, Chionogentias antipoda (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95; incl. G. antipoda f. pallida Kirk 1895^A61]

Gentianella bellidifolia (Hooker) Holub 1968^{SK02, A95} [=Gentiana bellidifolia Hooker 1844^A95, Chionogentias bellidifolia (Hooker) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana amabilis Petrie 1926^A61, Gentiana bellidifolia var. australis Petrie ex Cheeseman 1925^A61, Gentiana flaccida Petrie 1911 non G. montana var. flaccida Grisebach 1838^A61, Gentiana bellidifolia var. pulchella Kirk 1895^A61]

Gentianella campestris^A95 [=Eurythalia campestris^G39, Gentiana campestris^A95, *Gentianella tetrandra Moench 1794 (nom. illeg.)^A95; incl. Hippion auriculatum^G39]

Gentianella carinthiaca (Wulfen) Galasso, Banfi & Soldano in Banfi, Galasso & Soldano 2005^BGS05 [=Swertia carinthiaca Wulfen in Jacq. 1782^BGS05, *Lomatogonium carinthiacum Reichenbach 1831–1832^SK02, Pleurogyne carinthiaca^C55]

Gentianella cerastioides^SK02 [=Gentiana cerastioides H.B.K. 1818^{G39, G16}; incl. Gentiana cistiflora Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1820^G16, Gentiana rupicola var. minor Spruce ex Gilg 1896^G16, Gentiana rupicola var. vegetior Bth. 1846^G16]

Gentianella cerina (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana cerina Hooker 1844^A95, Chionogentias cerina (Hooker) Adams 1995^A95; incl. G. campbellii Homb. & Jacq. ex Decne 1853^A61]

Gentianella chathamica (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana chathamica Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias chathamica (Cheeseman) Adams 1995, Gentiana pleurogynoides var. umbellata Kirk 1895]^A95

Gentianella concinna (Hooker) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana concinna Hooker 1844^A95, Chionogentias concinna (Hooker) Adams 1995^A95, Gentiana cerina f. concinna Kirk 1895^A61]

Gentianella corymbifera (Kirk) Holub 1968^A95 [=Gentiana corymbifera Kirk 1895^A95, Chionogentias corymbifera (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana pleurogynoides var. rigida Kirk 1895^A61]

Gentianella diemensis (Grisebach) Willis 1957 [=Gentiana diemensis Grisebach 1838, Chionogentias diemensis (Grisebach) Adams 1995, Gentiana montana var. diemensis (Grisebach) Hooker 1857]^A95

Gentianella diffusa^SK02 [=Gentiana (sect. *Andicola) diffusa H.B.K. 1818^{A95, G16}; incl. Gentiana rapunculoides Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1820^G16, Gentiana stricta Willd. ex Roem. & Schult. 1820^G16, Gentiana swertioides Grisebach 1839^G16]

Gentianella filipes (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana filipes Cheeseman 1896, Chionogentias filipes (Cheeseman) Adams 1995]^A95

Gentianella foliosa^SK02 [=Gentiana foliosa H.B.K. 1818^{G39, G16}; incl. Selatium assurgens Don 1838^G16, Gentiana coarctata Willd. ex Roem. & Schultz. 1820^G16, Gentiana guayaquilensis Grisebach in DC. 1845^G16, Gentiana diffusa var. major Bth. 1846^G16]

Gentianella gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana gracilifolia Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias gracilifolia (Cheeseman) Adams 1995]^A95

Gentianella grisebachii (Hooker) Ho 1993^A95 [=Gentiana grisebachii Hooker 1844^A95, Chionogentias grisebachii (Hooker) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana novae-zelandiae Armstrong 1872^A61, Gentiana grisebachii var. novae-zealandiae^C06, Gentiana montana f. novae-zelandiae Kirk 1895^A61]

Gentianella lineata (Kirk) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana lineata Kirk 1895^A95, Chionogentias lineata (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana verecunda Simpson 1952^A61]

Gentianella matthewsii (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana matthewsii Petrie 1912, Chionogentias matthewsii (Petrie) Adams 1995, Gentiana grisebachii var. matthewsii (Petrie) Cheeseman 1925]^A95

Gentianella montana (Forster) Holub 1967^A95 [=Gentiana (sect. *Antarctophila) montana Forster 1786^A95, Chionogentias montana (Forster) Adams 1995^A95, Pneumonanthe montana^G39]

Gentianella patula (Cheeseman) Holub 1968^A95 [=Gentiana bellidifolia var. patula Kirk 1895^A95, Chionogentias patula (Kirk) Adams 1995^A95, Gentiana patula (Kirk) Cheeseman 1906^A95; incl. Gentiana spedenii Petrie 1926^A61]

Gentianella peruviana^SK02 [=Gentiana limoselloides var. peruviana Grisebach 1839^{G39, G16}, Gentiana peruviana (Grisebach) Gilg 1896^G16]

Gentianella saxosa (Forster) Holub 1968^{SK02, A95} [=Gentiana saxosa Forster 1777^A95, *Chionogentias saxosa (Forster) Adams 1995^A95; incl. Gentiana hookeri Armstrong 1881 non Grisebach 1839^A61, Gentiana saxosa var. recurvata Kirk 1885^A61]

Gentianella serotina (Cockayne) Ho & Liu 1993^A95 [=Gentiana serotina Cockayne 1915^A95, Chionogentias serotina (Cockayne) Adams 1995^A95, Gentiana scrotina (l. c.)^CA27]

Gentianella tenuifolia (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tenuifolia Petrie 1913, Chionogentias tenuifolia (Petrie) Adams 1995]^A95

Gentianella tereticaulis (Petrie) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana tereticaulis Petrie 1917, Chionogentias tereticaulis (Petrie) Adams 1995]^A95

Gentianella thyrsoidea (Hooker) Fabris 1958^A95 [=Gentiana thyrsoidea Hooker 1831^A95, Pitygentias thyrsoidea (Hooker) Gilg 1916^G16, *Selatium thyrsoideum (Hooker) Don 1837^A95; incl. Gentiana pinifolia R. & Pav. ex Don 1838^{A95, G16}, Pitygentias pinifolia (R. & Pav.) Gilg 1916^G16, Gentiana tupa Gilg 1896^G16]

Gentianella townsonii (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana townsoni Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias townsonii (Cheeseman) Adams 1995]^A95

Gentianella vernicosa (Cheeseman) Ho & Liu 1993 [=Gentiana vernicosa Cheeseman 1906, Chionogentias vernicosa (Cheeseman) Adams 1995]^A95

‘Swertia’ rotata^G39 [=Gentiana rotata^G39, Lomatogonium rotatum^SK02, Pleurogyne rotata^G39; incl. Swertia sulcata^G39, Gentiana sulcata^G39]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A95] Adams, L. G. 1995. Chionogentias (Gentianaceae), a new generic name for the Australasian ‘snow-gentians’, and a revision of the Australian species. Australian Systematic Botany 8: 935–1011.

[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).

[BGS05] Banfi, E., G. Galasso & A. Soldano. 2005. Notes on systematics and taxonomy for the Italian vascular flora. 1. Atti Soc. It. Sci. Nat. Museo Civ. Stor. Nat. Milano 146 (2): 219–244.

[BC02] Bouman, F., L. Cobb, N. Devente, V. Goethals, P. J. M. Maas & E. Smets. 2002. The seeds of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 498–572. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.

[CA27] Cockayne, L., & H. H. Allan. 1927. Notes on New Zealand floristic botany, including descriptions of new species, &c. (No. 5). Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 48–72.

[G16] Gilg, E. 1916. Gentianaceae andinae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 118): 4–122.

[G39] Grisebach, A. H. R. 1839. Genera et Species Gentianearum adjectis observationibus quibusdam phytogeographicis. J. G. Cotta: Stuttgardt.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JS02] Jensen, S. R., & J. Schripsema. 2002. Chemotaxonomy and pharmacology of Gentianaceae. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 573–631. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.

[SK02] Struwe, L., J. W. Kadereit, J. Klackenberg, S. Nilsson, M. Thiv, K. B. von Hagen & V. A. Albert. 2002. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Gentianaceae, including a new tribal and subtribal classification. In: Struwe, L., & V. A. Albert (eds) Gentianaceae: Systematics and Natural History pp. 21–309. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.