Dinophysis

Dinophysis acuta, copyright Alexandra Kraberg.

Belongs within: Dinophysiales.

Dinophysis is a genus of laterally compressed dinoflagellates bearing conspicuous cingular and sulcal lists (Steidinger & Williams 1970).

Characters (Steidinger & Williams 1970): Armoured, laterally compressed cells with conspicuous cingular lists. Anterior cingular list broadly funnel-shaped, extending beyond epitheca which is relatively short, at times barely detectable. Hypotheca usually exceeding epitheca by at least six times. Cingulum distinctly premedium, unusually of even width. Sulcal lists prominent, often resembling wings, supported by ribs, with or without simple posterior ‘sails’. Plate formula five epithecal plates, four cingular plates, four sulcal plates and four hypothecal plates. Chloroplasts usually present.

Dinophysis Ehrenberg 1839 (see below for synonymy)FT93
    |--*D. acuta Ehrenberg 1839SW70 [incl. D. densBMG95]
    |--D. acuminataBMG95
    |--D. acutissima Gaarder 1954S73
    |--D. acutoides Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. amandula Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. amygdalus Paulsen 1949S73
    |--D. anabilis Abé 1967S73
    |--D. antarctica Balech 1958S73
    |--D. apicata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Abé vel Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. argus (Stein) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma argus, Prodinophysis argus (Stein) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. balechii Norris & Berner 1970S73
    |--D. bipartita (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--‘Phalacroma’ blackmanii [=Prodinophysis blackmanii (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. braarudii (Nordli) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma braarudii Nordli 1951]S73
    |--D. brevisulcus Tai & Skogsberg 1934S73
    |--D. capitulata Balech 1967S73
    |--D. carpenteriae Wood 1963S73
    |--D. caudataBMG95 [incl. D. diegensisBMG95, D. caudata var. diegensis (Kofoid) Wood 1954 (nom. inv.)S73]
    |    |  i. s.: D. c. f. maris-rubri Matzenauer 1933S73
    |    |         D. c. f. persica Böhm 1931S73
    |    |--D. c. var. caudataS73
    |    |--D. c. var. acutiformisSW70 [=D. c. var. acuminiformis (l. c.)S73]
    |    `--D. c. var. pedunculata [=D. homunculus f. pedunculata]S73
    |--D. circumcincta (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. circumsuta (Karsten) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma circumsutum, Prodinophysis circumsuta (Karsten) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. complanata (Gaarder) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. contracta (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. cornuta (Peters) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma cornutum]S73
    |    |--D. c. ssp. cornutumS73
    |    `--D. c. ssp. inermis (Balech & El-Sayed) Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma cornutum ssp. inerme Balech & El-Sayed 1965]S73
    |--D. cuneolus (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. cuneus (Schütt) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma cuneus, Prodinophysis cuneus (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. dolychopterygium (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. doryphorides (Dangeard) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma doryphorides, Prodinophysis doryphorides (Dangeard) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. doryphorum (Stein) Abé 1967 [=Phalacroma doryphorum, Prodinophysis doryphora (Stein) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. elongata (Jörgensen) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma elongatum, Prodinophysis elongata (Jörgensen) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. exiguaSW70
    |--D. expulsaSW70 [=Phalacroma expulsumS73, Prodinophysis expulsa (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944S73]
    |--D. favus (Kofoid & Michener) Abé vel Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. fimbriata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. fortunata Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. gaarderae Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. gigantea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. globulus (Schütt) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma globulus, Prodinophysis globulus (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. granii Paulsen 1949S73
    |--D. groenlandica (Schiller) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. hastataSW70
    |--D. hindmarchii (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. homunculusH04
    |--D. hyalina Wood 1963S73
    |--D. irregularis (Lebour) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma irregulare, Prodinophysis irregularis (Lebour) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. jibbonensis (Wood) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma jibbonense Wood 1954, Prodinophysis jibbonensis (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. lachmannii Paulsen 1949S73
    |    |--D. l. f. lachmanniiS73
    |    `--D. l. f. borealis (Paulsen) Solum 1962 [=D. borealis Paulsen 1949]S73
    |--D. lacrima (Gaarder) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma lacrima Gaarder 1954, Prodinophysis lacrima (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73
    |--D. lapidistrigiliformis Abé 1967S73 [incl. D. fortiiBMG95]
    |--D. lata (Gaarder) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma latum Gaarder 1954, Prodinophysis lata (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73
    |--D. lativelata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. lens (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma lens, Prodinophysis lens (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. longialata Gran & Braarud 1935S73
    |--D. macedonica Athanassopoulos 1930S73
    |--D. mawsonii (Wood) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma mawsonii Wood 1954, Prodinophysis mawsonii (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. meteorii Böhm 1933S73
    |--D. micheneri Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. micropterygiaSW70
    |--D. microstrigiliformis Abé 1967S73
    |--D. milesS73
    |    |  i. s.: D. m. f. arabica Matzenauer 1933S73
    |    |         D. m. f. indicaS73
    |    |         D. m. f. triposoidea Matzenauer 1933S73
    |    |--D. m. ssp. milesS73
    |    `--D. m. ssp. schroeteri [=D. m. f. schroederi (l. c.)]S73
    |--D. minuta (Cleve) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma minutum, Prodinophysis minuta (Cleve) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. mitra (Schütt) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma mitra, Prodinophysis mitra (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. mitroides Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma okamurai Pavillard 1931 non Dinophysis okamurai]S73
    |--D. modesta (Böhm) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma modestum Böhm 1936, Prodinophysis modesta (Böhm) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--‘Phalacroma’ monacanthum Gail 1950S73
    |--D. moresbyensis Wood 1963S73
    |--D. mucronata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. nasuta (Stein) Parke & Dixon 1968 [=Phalacroma nasutum, Prodinophysis nasuta (Stein) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. neolenticula Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. norvegicaBMG95
    |    |--D. n. var. norvegicaBMG95
    |    `--D. n. var. crassiorBMG95 [incl. D. norvegica f. debilorBMG95, D. debilior (Paulsen) Paulsen 1949S73]
    |--D. odiosa (Pavillard) Tai & Skogsberg 1934 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. operculata (Stein) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma operculatum, Prodinophysis operculata (Stein) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. operculoides (Schütt) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma operculoides, Prodinophysis operculoides (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. opposita Wood 1963S73
    |--‘Phalacroma’ ovatum [=Prodinophysis ovata (Claparède & Lachmann) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. pacifica Wood 1963S73
    |--D. paralata Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. parvula (Schütt) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. paulsenii Woloszyńska 1929S73
    |--D. pavillardiBMG95
    |--D. perforata Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. phalerica Athanassopoulos 1931S73
    |--D. phaseolus Silva 1952S73
    |--D. planiceps (Schiller) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma planiceps, Prodinophysis planiceps (Schiller) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. porodictyum (Stein) Abé vel Balech 1967S73 (see below for synonymy)
    |--D. praetexta (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. protuberans (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. pugiunculus (Jörgensen) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma pugiunculus, Prodinophysis pugiunculus (Jörgensen) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. pulchella (Lebour) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. pulchra (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. pusillaSW70
    |--D. pyriformis (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. rapa (Stein) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma rapa, Prodinophysis rapa (Stein) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. recurvaSW70
    |--D. rete Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. reticulata Gaarder 1954S73
    |--D. richardii (Pavillard) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. robusta Gran & Braarud 1935S73
    |--D. rotundata [=Phalacroma rotundatum, Prodinophysis rotundata (Claparède & Lachmann) Balech 1944]S73
    |    |--D. r. var. rotundataS73
    |    `--‘Prodinophysis’ r. var. laevis (Claparède & Lachmann) Balech 1944 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. rotundiformis Tai & Skogsberg 1934 [=Prodinophysis rotundiformis (Tai & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. ruudii (Braarud) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma ruudii Braarud 1935, Prodinophysis ruddii (Braarud) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. scabra Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. schilleri Sournia 1973 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. schuettiiSW70
    |--D. similisSW70
    |--D. simplex Böhm 1933S73
    |--D. ‘simplex’ Balech 1962 non Böhm 1933S73
    |--D. skagii Paulsen 1949S73 [incl. D. sacculusBMG95]
    |--D. sphaericaS73
    |    |--D. s. var. sphaericaS73
    |    `--D. s. var. spinosa Gail 1950 non D. spinosa Rampi 1950S73
    |--D. spinata (Peters) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma spinatum]S73
    |--D. spinosa Rampi 1950S73
    |--D. striata (Kofoid) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma striatum, Prodinophysis striata (Kofoid) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. swezyiiSW70
    |--D. subcircularis Paulsen 1949S73
    |--D. symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. thompsonii (Wood) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma thompsonii Wood 1954, Prodinophysis thompsonii (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. triangularis (Wood) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma triangulare Wood 1954, Prodinophysis triangularis (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73
    |--D. triposBMG95 [=D. caudata var. tripos (Gourret) Gail 1950S73]
    |--D. tuberculataTP87 [=Phalacroma tuberculatum Gail 1950S73]
    |--D. turbinea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. uracanthaSW70
    |--D. vasta (Schütt) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma vastum, Prodinophysis vasta (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73
    |--D. vastiformis (Tai & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73
    |--D. whiteleggei (Wood) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma whiteleggei Wood 1954, Prodinophysis whiteleggei (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73
    `--D. whittingae Balech 1967 (see below for synonymy)S73

Nomina invalida: Dinophysis boehmii Paulsen 1949S73
                 D. islandica Paulsen 1949S73
                 D. islandica f. angulata Paulsen 1949S73
                 D. islandica f. obtusa Paulsen 1949S73
                 D. norvegica f. rotundata Solum 1962S73

Dinophysis Ehrenberg 1839 [incl. Dinoceras Schiller 1931 non Marsh 1872 (ICZN), Heteroceras Forti 1901 non Orbigny 1849 (ICZN), Phalacroma Stein 1883 non Hawle & Cords 1847 (ICZN), Prodinophysis Balech 1944]FT93

Dinophysis acutoides Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma vastum var. acutum non D. acutum, Ph. acutum, Prodinophysis acuta (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis amandula Sournia 1973 [=D. amygdala Balech 1967 non D. amygdalus Paulsen 1949; incl. Phalacroma ovum non D. ovum, Prodinophysis ovum (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis apicata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma apicatum, Prodinophysis apicata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis bipartita (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma bipartitum, Prodinophysis bipartita (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis circumcincta (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma circumcinctum, Prodinophysis circumcinctum (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis complanata (Gaarder) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma complanatum Gaarder 1954, Prodinophysis complanata (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73

Dinophysis contracta (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma contractum, Prodinophysis contracta (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis cuneolus (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma cuneolus, Prodinophysis cuneolus (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis dolychopterygium (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma dolychopterygium, Prodinophysis dolichopterygium (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis favus (Kofoid & Michener) Abé vel Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma favus, Prodinophysis favus (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis fimbriata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma fimbriatum, Prodinophysis fimbriata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis fortunata Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma longialatum Gaarder 1954 non D. longialata Gran & Braarud 1935, Heteroschisma longialatum (Gaarder) Balech 1967, Prodinophysis longialata (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73

Dinophysis gaarderae Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma robustum Gaarder 1954, D. robusta (Gaarder) Balech 1967 non Gran & Braarud 1935, Prodinophysis robusta (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73

Dinophysis gigantea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma giganteum, Prodinophysis gigantea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis groenlandica (Schiller) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma paulsenii Kofoid & Skogsberg 1928 non Schiller 1928, Ph. groenlandicum, Prodinophysis paulsenii Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis hindmarchii (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma hindmarchii, Prodinophysis hindmarchii (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis lativelata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma lativelatum, Prodinophysis lativelata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis micheneri Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma limbatum Kofoid & Michener 1911, D. limbata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis limbata (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis mucronata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma mucronatum Kofoid & Skogsberg 1928, Prodinophysis mucronata (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944; incl. P. paulsenii Schiller 1928, Dinophysis paulsenii (Schiller) Balech 1967 non Woloszyńska 1929, Prodinophysis paulsenii (Schiller) Loeblich 1965 non Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis neolenticula Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma lenticula Kofoid 1907, D. lenticula (Kofoid) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis lenticula (Kofoid) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis odiosa (Pavillard) Tai & Skogsberg 1934 [=Phalacroma hastatum (preoc.), Ph. odiosum Pavillard 1930, Prodinophysis odiosa (Pavillard) Loeblich 1965]S73

Dinophysis paralata Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma alatum Wood 1954, D. alata (Wood) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis alata (Wood) Loeblich 1965]S73

Dinophysis parvula (Schütt) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma porodictyum var. parvulum, Ph. parvulum, Prodinophysis parvula (Schütt) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis perforata Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma porosum Kofoid & Michener 1911, D. porosa (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis porosa (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis porodictyum (Stein) Abé vel Balech 1967S73 [=*Phalacroma porodictyum Stein 1883SW70, S73, SW70, Prodinophysis porodictyum (Stein) Balech 1944S73]

Dinophysis praetexta (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma praetextum, Prodinophysis praetexta (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis protuberans (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma protuberans, Prodinophysis protuberans (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis pulchella (Lebour) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma pulchellum, Prodinophysis pulchella (Lebour) Balech 1944, Pseudophalacroma pulchellum (Lebour) Gail 1950]S73

Dinophysis pulchra (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma pulchrum, Prodinophysis pulchra (Koifoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis pyriformis (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma pyriforme, Prodinophysis pyriforme (Kofoid & Skogsberg) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis rete Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma reticulatum Kofoid 1907, D. reticulata (Kofoid) Balech 1967 non Gaarder 1954, Prodinophysis reticulata (Kofoid) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis richardii (Pavillard) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma richardii Pavillard 1934, Prodinophysis richardii (Pavillard) Loeblich 1965]S73

Dinophysis scabra Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma rugosum Gaarder 1954, D. rugosa (Gaarder) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis rugosa (Gaarder) Loeblich 1967]S73

Dinophysis schilleri Sournia 1973 [=Phalacroma sphaeroideum Schiller 1928, D. sphaeroidea (Schiller) Balech 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis sphaeroidea (Schiller) Loeblich 1965]S73

Dinophysis symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma symmetricum Gaarder 1954, Prodinophysis symmetrica (Gaarder) Balech 1967]S73

Dinophysis turbinea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma turbineum, D. turbinata (l. c.), Prodinophysis turbinea (Kofoid & Michener) Balech 1944]S73

Dinophysis vastiformis (Tai & Skogsberg) Balech 1967 [=Phalacroma vastiforme Tai & Skogsberg 1934, Prodinophysis vastiformis (Tai & Skogsberg) Loeblich 1965]S73

Dinophysis whittingae Balech 1967 [incl. Phalacroma rudgei, D. rudgei (Murray & Whitting) Abé 1967 (preoc.), Prodinophysis rudgei (Murray & Whitting) Balech 1944, Pr. rugdei]S73

‘Prodinophysis’ rotundata var. laevis (Claparède & Lachmann) Balech 1944 [=Dinophysis laevis, D. rotundata ssp. laevis (Claparède & Lachmann) Margalef 1969 (nom. inv.), Phalacroma rotundatum var. laeve]S73

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BMG95] Berland, B. R., S. Y. Maestrini & D. Grzebyk. 1995. Observations on possible life cycle stages of the dinoflagellates Dinophysis cf. acuminata, Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis pavillardi. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 9: 183–189.

[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[S73] Sournia, A. 1973. Catalogue des espèces et taxons infraspécifiques de Dinoflagellés marins actuels publiés depuis la révision de J. Schiller. I. Dinoflagellés libres. Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 48: 1–92.

[SW70] Steidinger, K. A., & J. Williams. 1970. Dinoflagellates. Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises 2: 1–251.

[TP87] Taylor, F. J. R., & U. Pollingher. 1987. Ecology of dinoflagellates. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 398–529. Blackwell Scientific.

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