Belongs within: Columbidae.
Contains: Treron, Chalcophaps, Turtur, Ducula, Ptilinopus, Gallicolumba, Geopelia.
The Treroninae as recognised herein are a clade of pigeons supported by molecular analysis (Shapiro et al. 2002) found in Africa, Asia and Australasia. The name has been used in the past for the grouping of fruit pigeons and fruit doves (centred around the genera Treron, Ptilinopus and Ducula) but these taxa alone do not form a monophyletic clade. Instead, the green pigeons of the genus Treron may form a clade with the emerald doves Chalcophaps and two African genera, the African wood doves Turtur and the Namaqua dove Oena capensis. Ducula and Ptilinopus form an Indo-Australasian clade with the topknot pigeon Lopholaimus antarcticus, the New Zealand pigeons Hemiphaga and the mountain pigeons Gymophaps.
Also falling within the Treroninae is a potential clade of large-bodied doves including the tooth-billed pigeon Didunculus strigirostris of Samoa, the crested pigeons Goura of New Guinea, the Nicobar pigeon Caloenas nicobarica found from the Nicobar Islands to the Solomon Islands and Palau, and the extinct dodo Raphus cucullatus and solitaire Pezophaps solitaria of the Mascarenes. A clade of mostly Australasian pigeons includes the bronzewings Phaps and the rock pigeons Petrophassa. These are largely terrestrial pigeons found in arid and semi-arid habitats.
<==Treroninae [Osmotreroninae, Phalacrotreroninae, Sphenocercinae, Treronidae, Vinagininae]
|--+--TreronSS02
| `--+--ChalcophapsSS02
| `--+--TurturSS02
| `--Oena Swainson 1837SS02, B94 [Oeninae]
| `--O. capensis (Linnaeus 1766) [=Columba capensis]CC10
| |--O. c. capensisT62
| `--O. c. alienaT62
`--+--+--DuculaSS02
| `--+--PtilinopusSS02
| `--+--Lopholaimus Gould 1841BKB15, B94 [Lopholaiminae]
| | `--L. antarcticus (Shaw 1793)PB96
| `--+--Hemiphaga Bonaparte 1854BKB15, CC10 [Hemiphaginae]
| | |--*H. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy)CC10
| | |--H. chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) (see below for synonymy)CC10
| | `--H. spadicea (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy)CC10
| `--GymnophapsBKB15
| |--G. albertisiiBKB15
| |--G. madaJT12
| |--G. solomonensisJT12
| `--G. stalkeriAP21
|--+--Didunculus Peale 1848SS02, B94 [incl. Gnathodon Jardine 1845B94; Didunculinae, Gnathodontinae]
| | `--D. strigirostrisSS02
| `--+--Gourinae [Lophyrinae, Megapeliinae, Ptilophyrinae]B94
| | |--Microgoura Rothschild 1904 [Microgourinae]B94
| | | `--M. meeki Rothschild 1904CC10
| | `--Goura Stephens 1819SS02, B94 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--G. cristata (Pallas 1764)PB96
| | |--G. scheepmakeriJT12
| | |--G. sclateriiAP21
| | `--G. victoriaSS02
| `--+--Caloenas Gray 1840SS02, B94 [Caloenadinae]
| | |--C. cruentaS42
| | |--C. maculata (Gmelin 1789) [=Columba maculata]F02
| | `--C. nicobaricaSS02 [incl. Columba gouldiaeB66, Ca. gouldiaeB66]
| `--Raphidae [Dididae]SS02
| |--Ornithaptera solitariusD81
| |--Victoriornis imperialisD81
| |--Pezophaps Strickland 1848SS02, B94 [Pezophabidae]
| | `--P. solitaria (Gmelin 1789) [=Didus solitarius]F02
| `--Raphus Brisson 1760SS02, B94 [incl. Didus Linné 1766B94]
| `--R. cucullatus (Linnaeus 1758)U93 [=Struthio cucullatusF02; incl. Didus ineptusSS02]
`--+--+--Otidiphaps Gould 1870SS02, B94 [Otidiphabinae]
| | `--O. nobilisSS02
| `--Trugon Gray 1849JT12, B94 [Trugoninae]
| `--T. terrestrisJT12
`--+--GallicolumbaSS02
`--+--HenicophapsBKB15
| |--H. albifronsBKB15
| `--H. foersteriJT12
`--+--+--‘Gallicolumba’ beccariiBKB15
| `--‘Gallicolumba’ jobiensisBKB15
`--+--Ocyphaps Gray 1842SS02, B94 [Ocyphabinae]
| `--*O. lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822)G42, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--+--GeopeliaSS02
| `--+--Leucosarcia Gould 1843BKB15, B94 [Leucosarciinae]
| | `--L. melanoleuca (Latham 1802) (see below for synonymy)CC10
| `--Geophaps Gray 1842BKB15, B94 [Geophabinae]
| |--*G. plumifera Gould 1842G42 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--G. p. plumiferaM03
| | `--G. p. leucogasterM03 [=Petrophassa plumifera leucogasterL81]
| |--G. scripta (Temminck 1821) [=Columba scripta]CC10
| | |--G. s. scriptaM03
| | `--G. s. peninsulaeM03
| `--G. smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830)CC10 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--Petrophassa Gould 1841BKB15, B94
| |--P. albipennis Gould 1840WS48
| | |--P. a. albipennis [incl. P. albipennis alisteri Mathews 1912]WS48
| | `--P. a. boothiM03
| `--P. rufipennisM03
`--Phaps Selby 1835SS02, B94 [incl. Cosmopelia Sundevall 1873B94; Cosmopeliinae, Phabinae]
|--P. chalcoptera (Latham 1790) [=Columba chalcoptera]CC10
| |--P. c. chalcopteraT62
| |--P. c. consobrina Mathews 1912T62, WS48
| `--P. c. murchisoni Mathews 1912T62, WS48
|--P. elegans (Temminck 1810)WS48 [=Columba elegansWS48; incl. P. elegans occidentalisM03]
`--P. histrionica (Gould 1841)CC10 (see below for synonymy)
Treroninae incertae sedis:
Cryptophaps poecilorrhoaT62, JT12
ButreronT62
Phapitreron Bonaparte 1854 [Phapitreroninae]B94
|--P. amethystinusJT12
|--P. brunneicepsJT12
|--P. cinereicepsJT12
`--P. leucotisAP21
Phaenorhina goliath [=Carpophaga (Phaenorhina) goliath]S13
Globicera pacificaS13
SphenurusT62
|--S. apicaudaT62
| |--S. a. apicaudaT62
| |--S. a. laotinusT62
| `--S. a. loweiT62
|--S. formosae [=Sphenocercus formosae]T62
| |--S. f. formosaeT62
| `--S. f. medioximusT62
|--S. oxyuraT62
`--S. sphenurusT62
Hypothetical taxon: Raphus solitaria (Selys-Lonchamps 1846)F02, U93
*Geophaps plumifera Gould 1842G42 [=Lophophaps plumiferaWS48, Petrophassa plumiferaL81; incl. L. plumifera pallida Mathews 1912WS48]
Geophaps smithii (Jardine & Selby 1830)CC10 [=Columba smithiiWS48, Petrophassa smithiiL81; incl. Geophaps smithii blaauwi Mathews 1912WS48]
Goura Stephens 1819SS02, B94 [incl. Lophyrus Vieillot 1816 nec Poli 1791 nec Latreille 1802B94, Megapelia Kaup 1836B94, Ptilophyrus Swainson 1837B94]
Hemiphaga chathamensis (Rothschild 1891) [=Carpophaga chathamensis, C. chathamica, C. chathamiensis, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae chathamensis]CC10
*Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Columba novaeseelandiae, Carpophaga novaezealandiae, Co. novaezealandiae, Hemiphaga novaezealandiae; incl. Co. argetraea Forster 1794, Co. zealandica Latham 1790]CC10
Hemiphaga spadicea (Latham 1802) [=Columba spadicea, Carpophaga spadicea, Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea, Columba gigas Ranzani 1821, Co. leucogaster Wagler 1827; incl. Co. princeps Vigors 1833]CC10
Leucosarcia melanoleuca (Latham 1802) [=Columba melanoleuca; incl. C. picata Latham 1802, Leucosarcia picata, Phaps picata]CC10
*Ocyphaps lophotes (Temminck in Temminck & Laugier de Chartrouse 1822)G42, CC10 [=Columba lophotesCC10; incl. O. lophotes whitlocki Mathews 1912WS48]
Phaps histrionica (Gould 1841)CC10 [=Peristera histrionicaCC10, Columba (Peristera) histrionicaWS48, Histriophaps histrionicaWS48; incl. Phaps histrionica alisteri Mathews 1912WS48]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[S13] Sarasin, F. 1913. Die Vögel Neu-Caledoniens und der Loyalty-Inseln. In: Sarasin, F., & J. Roux (eds) Nova Caledonia: Forschungen in Neu-Caledonian und auf den Loyalty-Inseln. A. Zoologie vol. 1 pt 1 pp. 1–78, pls 1–3. C. W. Kreidels Verlag: Wiesbaden.
[SS02] Shapiro, B., D. Sibthorpe, A. Rambaut, J. Austin, G. M. Wragg, O. R. P. Bininda-Emonds, P. L. M. Lee & A. Cooper. 2002. Flight of the dodo. Nature 295: 1683.
[S42] Strickland, H. E. 1842. Account of the birds in the Chinese collection exhibited at Hyde Park Corner. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 166–168.
[T62] Tendeiro, J. 1962. Estudos sobre malófagos: revisão monográfica do género Columbicola Ewing (Ischnocera, Philopteridae). Memórias da Junta de Investigações do Ultramar, ser. 2, 32: 7–460.
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