Aythya

Belongs within: Anatinae.

Aythya is a genus of diving ducks including pochards and scaups. Diving ducks have a short, heavy body, with large legs placed further back and wider apart than those of other ducks, a strong lobe or flap on the hind toe, and pale rather than metallic specula on the wings. They are usually gregarious, often forming large flocks.

Members of the genus include the greater scaup A. marila, widespread in the Holarctic region, males of which have a black head and breast with a green or purple gloss on the head, grey back and white belly; females are largely brown with a large white patch at the base of the bill. The canvasback A. valisineria of North America is a large duck with a long bill and smoothly sloping profile; males have a reddish-brown head and neck and black breast. The European (A. ferina) and American (A. americana) pochards resemble the canvasback in coloration but have shorter necks and a steeper profile.

<==Aythya Boie 1822 (see below for synonymy)CC10
    |  i. s.: A. baeri (Radde 1863)I92
    |         ‘Nyroca’ capensis [=Fuligula capensis]K08
    |         A. chauvirae Cheneval 1987M02
    |         A. innotataJT12
    |--+--A. australis (Eyton 1838)JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
    |  |    |--A. a. australisRN72
    |  |    `--A. a. extimaRN72
    |  `--A. nyroca (Güldenstädt 1770)JT12, CC10 [=Anas nyrocaCC10, *Ilyonetta nyrocaCC10, *Nyroca nyrocaCC10; incl. Aythya rufaG73]
    `--+--+--+--*A. marila (Linnaeus 1761)CC10, JT12, CS77 [=Anas marilaCC10, Fuligula marilaS05, Fulix marilaS05]
       |  |  |    |--A. m. marilaCS77
       |  |  |    `--A. m. mariloides (Vigors 1839) [incl. A. marila nearctica Stejneger 1885]CS77
       |  |  `--A. affinis (Eyton 1838)JT12, S05 [=Fuligula affinisS05, F. marila var. affinisS05, Marila affinisD56]
       |  `--+--A. fuligula (Linnaeus 1758)JT12, CC10 (see below for synonymy)
       |     `--A. novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) (see below for synonymy)CC10
       `--+--+--A. americanaJT12
          |  `--A. collaris (Donovan 1809)JT12, CS77 [=Anas collarisCC10, *Perissonetta collarisCC10]
          `--+--A. ferina (Linnaeus 1758)JT12, CC10 [=Anas ferinaCC10, Fuligula ferinaM02, *Marila ferinaCC10, Nyroca ferinaCC10]
             `--A. valisineriaJT12

Aythya Boie 1822 [incl. Fuligula Stephens in Shaw 1824, Fulix Sundevall 1836, Ilyonetta Heine & Reichenow 1890, Marila Reichenbach 1852, Nyroca Flemming 1822, Perissonetta Oberholser 1920, Zeafulix Mathews 1937; Fuligulidae]^CC10

Aythya australis (Eyton 1838)^{JT12, CC10} [=Nyroca australis^CC10; incl. N. nyroca dampieri Mathews 1912^CC10, Aythya australis ledeboeri Bartels & Franck 1938^CC10]

Aythya fuligula (Linnaeus 1758)^{JT12, CC10} [=Anas fuligula^CC10, *Fuligula fuligula^CC10, *Fulix fuligula^CC10, Nyroca fuligula^D56; incl. Anas cristata Fischer 1778^CC10, Fuligula cristatus^L81]

Aythya novaeseelandiae (Gmelin 1789) [=Anas novaeseelandiae, Anas novaezealandiae, Fuligula novaeseelandiae, Fuligula novaezealandiae, Fulix novaeseelandiae, Marila novaezelandiae, Nyroca novaeseelandiae, *Zeafulix novaeseelandiae; incl. Anas atra Ellman 1861, Anas atricilla Forster in Lichtenstein 1844, Zeafulix novaeseelandiae maui Mathews 1937]^CC10

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[CC10] Checklist Committee (OSNZ). 2010. Checklist of the Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands, and the Ross Dependency, Antarctica 4^th ed. Ornithological Society of New Zealand and Te Papa Press: Wellington.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[D56] Dawes, B. 1956. The Trematoda with special reference to British and other European forms. University Press: Cambridge.

[G73] Gauntlett, F. M. 1973. Notes on some Kashmir birds. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 591–615.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.

[K08] Kellogg, V. L. 1908. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen Zoologischen Expedition nach dem Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den Umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905–1906 vol. 15. Corrodentia pt 4. Mallophaga. Almqvist & Wiksells Boktryckeri-A. B.: Uppsala.

[L81] Long, J. L. 1981. Introduced Birds of the World: The worldwide history, distribution and influence of birds introduced to new environments. Reed: Sydney.

[M02] Mlíkovský, J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the World. Part 1: Europe. Ninox Press: Praha.

[RN72] Rutgers, A., & K. A. Norris (eds.) 1972. Encyclopaedia of Aviculture vol. 1. Blandford Press: London.

[S05] Schalow, H. 1905. Die Vögel der Arktis. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 79–288. Gustav Fischer: Jena.