Primula

Belongs within: Primulales.

Primula, the primroses, is a group of perennial herbs and subshrubs found primarily in northern temperate regions (Hickman 1993).

Characters (from Hickman 1993): Perennial, rhizomed, sometimes stoloned. Leaves basal or crowded on branches near ground, sessile. Inflorescence an umbel, one per scapose peduncle, terminal, subtended by bracts. Flower parts in fives; calyx tube angled; corolla funnel-shaped or salverform, lobes spreading or erect, entire or notched at tip; stamens included, filaments short, anthers oblong, obtuse; ovary superior. Fruit five-valved, elliptic to ovate. Seeds many, peltate, dotted.

<==Primula
    `--P. subg. Auriculastrum sect. AuriculaPS98
         |  i. s.: P. × pubescens [P. auricula × P. hirsuta]PS98
         |         P. recubariensis Prosser & Scortegagna 1998PS98
         |         P. × vallarsae Prosser & Scortegagna 1998 [P. auricula ssp. ciliata × P. recubariensis]PS98
         |--P. (subsect. Arthritica) spectabilisPS98
         |--P. subsect. BrevibracteataePS98
         |    |--P. albenensisPS98
         |    |--P. carniolicaPS98
         |    |--P. latifoliaPS98
         |    `--P. marginataPS98
         |--P. subsect. ErythrodorsumPS98
         |    |--P. apenninaPS98
         |    |--P. daonensisPS98
         |    |    |--P. d. var. daonensisPS98
         |    |    `--P. d. var. judicariae Widmer 1891PS98
         |    |--P. hirsutaPS98
         |    |--P. pedemontanaPS98
         |    `--P. villosaPS98
         |--P. (subsect. Euauricula) auriculaPS98
         |    |--P. a. ssp. auriculaPS98
         |    `--P. a. ssp. ciliataPS98
         `--P. (subsect. Rhopsidium) tyrolensisPS98

Primula incertae sedis:
  P. atrodentataO88
  P. aureataO88
    |--P. a. ssp. aureataO88
    `--P. a. ssp. fimbriataO88
  P. bellidifoliaO88
  P. buryanaO88
    |--P. b. var. buryanaO88
    `--P. b. var. purpureaO88
  P. calderianaO88
    |--P. c. ssp. calderianaO88
    `--P. c. ssp. strumosaO88
  P. capitataO88
    |--P. c. ssp. capitataO88
    `--P. c. ssp. crispataO88
  P. caveanaO88
  P. concinnaO88
  P. cortusoidesC55
  P. denticulataO88
  P. deuteronanaO88
  P. dickieanaO88
  P. didymaO88
  P. edgeworthiiO88
  P. elatiorD51
  P. farinosaT30 [incl. P. decipiensC55, P. scoticaT30]
  P. floribundaD51
  P. gambelianaO88
  P. geraniifoliaO88
  P. glabraO88
  P. glanduliferaO88
  P. glomerataO88
  P. gracilipesO88
  P. hookeriO88
  P. involucrataO88
  P. japonicaJK80
  P. juliaeMH98
  P. kewensisD51
  P. macrophyllaO88
    |--P. m. var. macrophyllaO88
    `--P. m. var. moorcroftianaO88
  P. megalocarpaO88
  P. minutissimaO88
  P. mistassinicaA16
  P. muscoidesO88
  P. obliquaO88
  P. poluniniiO88
  P. primulinaO88
  P. proliferaH03
  P. pulchraO88
  P. ramzanaeO88
  P. reidiiO88
    |--P. r. var. reidiiO88
    `--P. r. var. williamsiiO88
  P. reptansO88
  P. reticulataO88
  P. rotundifoliaO88
  P. sapphirinaO88
  P. sharmaeO88
  P. sieboldiiKIW98
  P. sikkimensisO88
  P. sinensisD37
  P. soldanelloidesO88
  P. spathulifoliaO88
  P. stirtonianaO88
  P. strictaT30
  P. stuartiiO88
  P. suffrutescensH93
  P. tanneriO88
    |--P. t. ssp. tanneriO88
    `--P. t. ssp. nepalensisO88
  P. tenuilobaO88
  P. tibeticaO88
  P. unifloraO88
  P. veitchianaNDA05
  P. verisPT01
  P. verticillataD51
  P. vulgarisD51
  P. walshiiO88
  P. wigramianaO88
  P. wollastoniiO88
  P. wulfenianaH09
    |--P. w. ssp. wulfenianaH09
    `--P. w. ssp. baumgartenianaH09

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A16] Alexander, C. P. 1916. New or little-known crane-flies from the United States and Canada: Tipulidae, Diptera, Part 2. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 458–514, pls 16–21.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.

[D51] Dobzhansky, T. 1951. Genetics and the Origin of Species 3^rd ed. Columbia University Press: New York.

[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.

[H09] Heltmann, H. 2009. Der Königstein (Piatra Craiului), die Perle der Burzenländer Gebirge. Mauritiana 20 (3): 515–527.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[JK80] John, J., & K.-P. Kolbe. 1980. The systematic position of the “Theales” from the viewpoint of serology. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 8: 241–248.

[KIW98] Kearns, C. A., D. W. Inouye & N. M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.

[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.

[NDA05] Nickrent, D. L., J. P. Der & F. E. Anderson. 2005. Discovery of the photosynthetic relatives of the “Maltese mushroom” Cynomorium. BMC Evolutionary Biology 5: 38.

[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.

[PT01] Pemberton, L. M. S., S.-L. Tsai, P. H. Lovell & P. J. Harris. 2001. Epidermal patterning in seedling roots of eudicotyledons. Annals of Botany 87: 649–654.

[PS98] Prosser, F., & S. Scortegagna. 1998. Primula recubariensis, a new species of Primula sect. Auricula Duby endemic to the SE Prealps, Italy. Willdenowia 28: 27–46.

[T30] Taylor, G. 1930. Scottish plants growing in their native habitats. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London 141: 30–31.