Belongs within: Insidiatores.
Contains: Hendea, Equitius, Ceratomontia, Adaeinae, Acumontia, Nunciella, Nuncia, Triaenobuninae.
The Triaenonychidae are a family of harvestmen characterised by branched hind claws and found on the southern continents. Northern Hemisphere taxa historically assigned to the family have since been placed elsewhere. Though the type genus Triaenonyx is found in South America, more species have been described from southern Africa and Australasia.
Subfamilies and/or tribes have been recognised on the basis of scutal and claw morphology. However, the Triaenonychinae or Triaenonychini, historically defined by having a thin sternum, have been shown by molecular analyses to be non-monophyletic (Derkarabetian et al. 2021). The genera Hendea and Equitius belong to a basal clade found in eastern Australia and New Zealand. A potential synapomorphy for this clade may be that the superior setae on the ventral plate of the male genitalia are stronger than the inferior setae (Derkarabetian et al. 2021).
Ceratomontia and related genera form a clade of relatively small species found primarily in South Africa (Derkarabetian et al. 2021). Lizamontia is characterised by the presence of accessory longitudinal rows of spines on the pedipalpal femur (Kury 2004).
<==Triaenonychidae [Triaenochini, Triaenonychinae, Triaenonychini, Triaenonychoidae]
|--+--+--Pyenganella Hickman 1958DB21, BS20
| | | `--P. striata Hickman 1958KMS14
| | `--HendeaDB21
| `--+--Hendeola Forster 1954DB21, F54
| | |--*H. bullata Forster 1954F54
| | | |--H. b. bullataKMS14
| | | `--H. b. pterna Forster 1954KMS14
| | `--H. woodwardi Forster 1954KMS14
| `--EquitiusDB21
`--+--+--+--Lizamontia Kury 2004DB21, K04
| | | |--*L. starengai Kury 2004K04
| | | |--L. draconensis (Lawrence 1939)KMS14 [=Acumontia draconensisK04]
| | | `--L. natalensis (Lawrence 1931)KMS14 [=Acumontia natalensisK04]
| | `--Paramontia Lawrence 1934DB21, S92
| | |--*P. lisposoma (Lawrence 1931) [=Rostromontia lisposoma]S92
| | `--P. infinita Lawrence 1934KMS14
| `--+--CeratomontiaDB21
| `--+--Amatola Lawrence 1931DB21, S92 [incl. Cryptobunus Lawrence 1931S92]
| | |--*A. dentifrons Lawrence 1931S92
| | |--A. armata (Lawrence 1938)KMS14 [=Cryptobunus armatusL02]
| | |--A. durbanica (Lawrence 1937)KMS14 [=Cryptobunus durbanicusS92]
| | |--A. maritima (Lawrence 1937)KMS14 [=Cryptobunus maritimusS92]
| | |--A. setifemur (Lawrence 1931)KMS14 [=*Cryptobunus setifemurL31; incl. C. silvicolus Lawrence 1937S92]
| | `--A. unidentata (Lawrence 1937)KMS14 [=Cryptobunus unidentatusS92]
| `--Biacumontia Lawrence 1931DB21
| |--*B. paucidens Lawrence 1931KMS14
| |--B. cornuta Lawrence 1931KMS14
| |--B. elata Kauri 1961KMS14
| |--B. fissidens Lawrence 1931KMS14
| |--B. maculata Lawrence 1938KMS14
| |--B. truncatidens Lawrence 1931KMS14
| `--B. variegata Lawrence 1934KMS14
`--+--+--+--Picunchenops Maury 1988DB21, KMS14
| | | `--*P. spelaeus Maury 1988K03
| | `--Hedwiga Roewer 1931DB21, F54
| | `--*H. manubriata Roewer 1931F54
| `--+--+--Araucanobunus Muñoz-Cuevas 1973DB21, K03
| | | `--*A. juberthiei Muñoz-Cuevas 1973K03
| | `--+--+--+--Valdivionyx Maury 1988DB21, K04
| | | | | `--*V. crassipes Maury 1988K03
| | | | `--+--Gunvoria Kauri 1961MK08, S92
| | | | | `--*G. spatulata Kauri 1961S92, MK08
| | | | `--Nahuelonyx Maury 1988DB21, K03
| | | | `--*N. nasutus (Ringuelet 1959)K03, MK08 [=Diasia nasutaK03]
| | | `--Triaenonychoides Soares 1968DB21, K03 [=Trianonychoides (l. c.)K03]
| | | |--*T. cekalovici Soares 1968 [=Trianonychoides (l. c.) cekalovici]K03
| | | `--T. breviops Maury 1987KMS14
| | `--Diasia Sørensen 1902DB21, K04 [=Diaria (l. c.)K03, Diasa (l. c.)K03]
| | |--*D. michaelsenii Sørensen 1902 (see below for synonymy)K03
| | |--D. araucana Maury 1987KMS14
| | `--D. platnicki Maury 1987KMS14
| `--Triaenonyx Sørensen 1886DB21, KMS14 [incl. Pythora Koch in Sørensen 1886R23]
| | i. s.: *T. rapax Sørensen 1886K03, KMS14 [=Pythora rapaxR23]
| | T. corralensis Roewer 1915KMS14
| | T. valdiviensis Sørensen 1902KMS14 [=Nuncia valdiviensisH20]
| |--T. dispersus Roewer 1915BS20, KMS14
| `--+--T. arrogans Soares 1968BS20, KMS14
| `--T. chilensis Sørensen 1902BS20, KMS14
`--+--+--+--+--Speleomontia Lawrence 1931DB21, BS20
| | | | `--*S. cavernicola Lawrence 1931S92
| | | `--Mensamontia Staręga 1992DB21, KMS14
| | | |--*M. morulifera Lawrence 1931KMS14
| | | `--M. melanophora Lawrence 1931KMS14
| | `--+--+--‘Nuncia’ rostrata Maury 1990DB21
| | | |--‘Nuncia’ spinulosa Maury 1990BS20
| | | `--‘Nuncia’ verrucosa Maury 1990DB21, K03
| | `--AdaeinaeDB21
| `--+--+--+--Micromontia Lawrence 1939DB21, K61
| | | | `--*M. flava Lawrence 1939S92
| | | `--Roewerania Lawrence 1934DB21, S92
| | | |--*R. lignicola Lawrence 1934S92
| | | |--R. guduana Kauri 1961KMS14
| | | |--R. montana Kauri 1961KMS14
| | | `--R. spinosa Lawrence 1938KMS14
| | `--Graemontia Staręga 1992DB21, KMS14
| | |--*G. bifidens Lawrence 1931KMS14
| | |--G. bicornigera Lawrence 1963KMS14
| | |--G. decorata Lawrence 1938KMS14
| | |--G. dentichelis Lawrence 1931KMS14
| | |--G. erecta Kauri 1961KMS14
| | |--G. natalensis Lawrence 1937KMS14
| | `--G. viridiceps Kury 2006KMS14
| `--+--+--Paulianyx Lawrence 1959DB21, K04
| | | |--*P. brevipes Lawrence 1959S92
| | | `--P. ferruginea Lawrence 1959KMS14
| | `--+--Hovanuncia Lawrence 1959DB21, S92
| | | |--*H. monticola Lawrence 1959S92
| | | `--H. bidentata Lawrence 1959KMS14
| | `--+--Antongila Roewer 1931DB21, S92
| | | `--*A. spinigera Roewer 1931S92
| | `--+--Decarynella Fage 1945DB21, S92
| | | `--*D. gracilipes Fage 1945S92
| | `--AcumontiaDB21
| `--+--+--Ankaratrix Lawrence 1959DB21, S92
| | | |--*A. illota Lawrence 1959S92
| | | |--A. cancrops Lawrence 1959KMS14
| | | |--A. fisheri Porto & Pérez-González 2020DB21
| | | |--A. lawrencei Porto & Pérez-González 2020DB21
| | | |--A. makamba Porto & Pérez-González 2020DB21
| | | `--A. maloto Porto & Pérez-González 2020DB21
| | `--+--Yatala Roewer 1942DB21
| | | |--Y. aspera (Forster 1949)KMS14
| | | `--Y. hirsti Roewer 1942KMS14
| | `--+--Breviacantha Kauri 1954DB21, K54
| | | `--*B. gisleni Kauri 1954K54
| | `--Dingupa Forster 1952DB21, BS20
| | `--*D. glauerti Forster 1952F52, KMS14
| `--+--+--Notonuncia Hickman 1958DB21
| | | |--N. arvensis Hickman 1958KMS14
| | | |--N. diversa Hickman 1958KMS14
| | | `--N. obscura Hickman 1958KMS14
| | `--+--Bryonuncia Hickman 1958DB21
| | | `--B. distincta Hickman 1958KMS14
| | `--Ankylonuncia Hickman 1958DB21
| | |--A. barrowensis Hickman 1958KMS14
| | |--A. fallax Hickman 1958KMS14
| | `--A. mestoni Hickman 1958KMS14
| `--NunciellaDB21
`--+--+--‘Nuncia’ americana Roewer 1961DB21, K03
| `--+--Chilenuncia Muñoz-Cuevas 1971K03
| | `--‘Nuncia’ chilensis (Soares 1968)BS20, K03 (see below for synonymy)
| `--+--Calliuncus Roewer 1931BS20, H72
| | |--*C. ferrugineus Roewer 1931H72, KMS14
| | |--C. ephippiatus Roewer 1931KMS14
| | |--C. glaber Kauri 1954 [=C. glabra]H59
| | |--C. labyrinthus Hunt 1972KMS14
| | |--C. odoratus Hickman 1958KMS14
| | `--C. vulsus Hickman 1959 [=C. glaber Hickman 1958 non Kauri 1954]H59
| `--+--Callihamina Roewer 1942DB21
| | `--C. adelaidia Roewer 1942KMS14
| `--Callihamus Roewer 1931DB21
| |--*C. badius Roewer 1931KM20
| `--C. inermis Roewer 1931R31
`--+--NunciaDB21
`--+--Americobunus Muñoz-Cuevas 1972DB21, K03
| `--*A. ringueleti Muñoz-Cuevas 1972K03
`--TriaenobuninaeDB21
Triaenonychidae incertae sedis:
Leionuncia levis Hickman 1958KMS14
Parattahia Roewer 1915KM20
`--*P. u-signatum Roewer 1915 [=P. u-signata]KM20
Promecostethus unifalculatus Enderlein 1909KMS14 [=Nuncia unifalculataF54]
Psalenoba Roewer 1931F54
`--*P. nunciaeformis Roewer 1931F54
Perthacantha Roewer 1931R31
`--*P. jugata Roewer 1931R31
Brasiloctis Mello-Leitão 1938K03
`--*B. bucki Mello-Leitão 1938K03
Neonuncia Roewer 1915DB21
|--*N. enderbei (Hogg 1909)F54, KMS14 (see below for synonymy)
|--N. blacki Forster 1954KMS14
|--N. campbelli Foster 1954KMS14
|--N. eastoni Forster 1954KMS14
`--N. opaca (Roewer 1931)KMS14 [=Nuncia opacaF54]
Austronuncia Lawrence 1931S92
|--*A. spinipalpis Lawrence 1931S92, DB21
`--A. leleupi Lawrence 1963KMS14
Lispomontia Lawrence 1937K61
`--L. coxidens Lawrence 1937KMS14
Conoculus Forster 1949F49
`--*C. asperus Forster 1949F49
Yulella Lawrence 1939K04
`--*Y. natalensis (Lawrence 1937) [=Roewerania natalensis]S92
Millomontia Lawrence 1959K04
|--*M. brevispina Lawrence 1959S92
`--M. vadoni Lawrence 1959KMS14
Millotonyx Lawrence 1959K04
`--*M. tenuipes Lawrence 1959S92
Ivohibea Lawrence 1959S92
`--*I. cavernicola Lawrence 1959S92
*Diasia michaelsenii Sørensen 1902 [=Diaria (l. c.) michaelsenii, Diasa michaelsenii (l. c.), Diasia michaelseni (l. c.)]K03
*Neonuncia enderbei (Hogg 1909)F54, KMS14 [=Triaenonyx enderbeiF54, Neonuncia enderbyiKMS14, Nuncia enderbaeiH20; incl. Nu. insulana Roewer 1942F54]
‘Nuncia’ chilensis (Soares 1968)BS20, K03 [=Parattahia chilensisK03; incl. *Chilenuncia donosoi Muñoz-Cuevas 1971K03]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BS20] Baker, C. M., K. Sheridan, S. Derkarabetian, A. Pérez-González, S. Vélez & G. Giribet. 2020. Molecular phylogeny and biogeography of the temperate Gondwanan family Triaenonychidae (Opiliones: Laniatores) reveals pre-Gondwanan regionalisation, common vicariance, and rare dispersal. Invertebrate Systematics 34: 637–660.
[DB21] Derkarabetian, S., C. M. Baker, M. Hedin, C. E. Prieto & G. Giribet. 2021. Phylogenomic re-evaluation of Triaenonychoidea (Opiliones: Laniatores), and systematics of Triaenonychidae, including new families, genera and species. Invertebrate Systematics 35: 133–157.
[F49] Forster, R. R. 1949. Australian Opiliones. Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 16: 59–89.
[F52] Forster, R. R. 1952. Western Australian Opiliones. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 36: 23–29.
[F54] Forster, R. R. 1954. The New Zealand harvestmen (sub-order Laniatores). Canterbury Museum Bulletin 2: 1–329.
[H59] Hickman, V. V. 1959. Calliuncus vulsus nom. nov. (Opiliones). Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 93: vi.
[H20] Hogg, H. R. 1920. Some Australian Opiliones. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1920: 31–48.
[H72] Hunt, G. S. 1972. A new cavernicolous harvestman from Western Australia (Arachnida: Opiliones: Triaenonychidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11: 232–236.
[K54] Kauri, H. 1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén’s expedition to Australia in 1951-1952. 9. Harvest-spiders from S. W. Australia. Lunds Universitets Ärsskrift. N. F. Avd. 2, 50 (11): 1–10.
[K61] Kauri, H. 1961. Opiliones. In: Hanström, B., P. Brinck & G. Rudebeck (eds) South African Animal Life: Results of the Lund University Expedition in 1950–1951 vol. 8 pp. 9–197. Almqvist & Wiksell: Uppsala.
[K03] Kury, A. B. 2003. Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología, volumen especial monográfico 1: 1–337.
[K04] Kury, A. B. 2004. A new genus of Triaenonychidae from South Africa (Opiliones, Laniatores). Revista Ibérica de Aracnología 9: 205–210.
[K06] Kury, A. B. 2006. A new species of Graemontia Lawrence, 1931, from the Western Cape, South Africa, with notes on the relationships of the genus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Triaenonychidae). African Zoology 41 (1): 45–50.
[KM20] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes, L. Cardoso, M. S. Kury & A. A. Granado. 2020. WCO-Lite: Online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0—Checklist of all valid nomina in Opiliones with authors and dates of publication up to 2018. Published by the author: Rio de Janeiro.
[KMS14] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes & D. R. Souza. 2014. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 1: Laniatores—Travunioidea and Triaenonychoidea. Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e4094.
[L31] Lawrence, R. F. 1931. The harvest-spiders (Opiliones) of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum 29 (2): 341–508.
[L02] Lotz, L. N. 2002. The Opiliones (Arachnida) of the Free State Province, South Africa. Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein 18 (8): 161–187.
[MK08] Mendes, A. C., & A. B. Kury. 2008. Intercontinental Triaenonychidae—the case of Ceratomontia (Opiliones, Insidiatores). Journal of Arachnology 36 (2): 273–279.
[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.
[R31] Roewer, C. F. 1931. Über Triaenonychiden. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 138: 137–185.
[S92] Staręga, W. 1992. An annotated check-list of Afrotropical harvestmen, excluding the Phalangiidae (Opiliones). Annals of the Natal Museum 33 (2): 271–336.