Belongs within: Anthophila.
Contains: Anthrena, Anthophorini, Osirini, Nomadinae, Melectini, Centridini, Xylocopinae, Eucerini.
The Apidae are a diverse group of long-tongued bees in which the clypeus is bent posteriorly lateral to the narrowed labral articulation (Engel 2001). When present, the scopa is formed on the hind legs. However, the scopa is absent in parasitic forms.
The apids include both solitary and eusocial taxa, with the eusocial taxa all contained within the clade Corbiculata. A large clade including the Nomadinae, Osirini and Melectini are cleptoparasitic, laying their eggs in the brood cells of other bees. The genus Ctenoplectrina is also cleptoparasitic, but belongs within the Ctenoplectrini which includes a group of bees specialised for collecting floral oils, pollen and nectar from Cucurbitaceae. The Exomalopsini are a tribe of smaller bees found in the New World that are rather hairy and commonly have pale hair bands on the metasoma and a row of long, erect hairs along the inner ocular orbits. The Tapinotaspidini are similar to Exomalopsini but usually lack metasomal bands and have a more elongate marginal cell in the fore wing.
Characters (Engel 2001): Single subantennal suture; suture meeting lower margin of antennal socket. Facial foveae absent. Lower lateral margins of clypeus bent posteriorly on either side of labrum. Flabellum present; glossa acute; labial palpus with first two segments flattened, sheath-like, and elongate; submentum strongly V-shaped and sclerotized, submental arms articulating with cardines slightly above cardo-stipital articulations. Galeal comb absent; stipital comb and concavity present; basistiptial process elongate. Pre-episternal groove absent. Mesocoxa entirely exposed. Metabasitibial frequently present. Jugal lobe short. Strong metasomal scopa absent; scopa variously formed on metafemur and metatibia, metatibia sometimes developed into a corbicula (in non-parasitic females). Metapostnotum setose. Pygidial plate and fimbria of female typically present.
<==Apidae [Anthophoridae, Anthophorinae, Apinae, Apiti, Bombidae, Euceriti, Parasitae, Tetrapediini, Xylocopiformes]
|--+--AnthophoriniCSD10
| `--+--OsiriniCSD10
| `--+--NomadinaeCSD10
| `--MelectiniCSD10
`--+--CentridiniCSD10
`--+--+--XylocopinaeCSD10
| `--TetrapediaCSD10
| |--T. (Tetrapedia) diversipesCSD10
| |--T. maura Cresson 1878CSD10
| `--T. moestaCo12
`--+--Ctenoplectrini [Ctenoplectridae, Ctenoplectrinae]CSD10
| |--Ctenoplectrina Cockerell 1930E01
| `--Ctenoplectra Kirby in Kirby & Spence 1826E01
| |--*C. chalybea Smith 1858M65
| |--C. albolimbata Magretti 1895CSD10
| |--C. australica Cockerell 1926M65
| |--C. bequaerti Cockerell 1930CSD10
| `--C. rodhainiBD17
`--+--+--Ancyloscelis chilensisCSD10, R35
| `--Exomalopsini [Exomalopsinae]CSD10
| |--AnthophorulaCSD10 [incl. DiadasiellaCC01]
| | `--A. completa (Cockerell 1935)CSD10
| `--ExomalopsisCSD10
| |--E. herbstiR35
| |--E. penelopeCC01
| |--E. similisCo12
| `--E. (Stilbomalopsis) solaniGGE19
`--+--+--EuceriniCSD10
| |--TeratognathiniE01
| `--AncylaCSD10
| |--A. anatolica Warncke 1979CSD10
| |--A. asiatica Friese 1922CSD10
| `--A. oraniensisL49
`--+--TapinotaspidiniCSD10
| |--+--TapinotaspoidesCSD10
| | `--CaenonomadaCSD10
| `--+--ParatetrapediaCSD10
| `--Arhysoceble picta (Friese 1899)CSD10
`--EmphoriniCSD10
|--AlepidoscelesCSD10
`--+--+--Diadasina distincta (Holmberg 1903)CSD10
| `--Melitoma [Melitomini]CSD10
| `--M. chilensisBM76
`--+--MeliphilopsisCSD10
`--DiadasiaCSD10
|--D. (Coquillettapis) australisGGE19
| |--D. a. australisS72
| `--D. a. californicaS72
|--D. bituberculata (Cresson 1878)CSD10
|--D. consociataS72
`--D. diminutaCr12
Apidae incertae sedis:
Pygomelissa Engel & Wappler in Wappler & Engel 2003WE03
`--*P. lutetia Engel & Wappler in Wappler & Engel 2003WE03
HalictoidesMS01
|--H. inermisMS01
`--H. marginatusCr12
Rhophites quinquespinosusMS01
AnthrenaMS01
Sarapoda bimaculataR35
HemisiaRD77
MacroceraL49
|--M. alternansL49
|--M. antennata [=Eucera (Macrocera) antennata]G20
|--M. longicornisL49
|--M. malvaeR35
`--M. rufaR35
Austroplebeia Moure 1961DDR15, M65
|--*A. cassiae (Cockerell 1910)M65 (see below for synonymy)
|--A. australis (Friese 1898) (see below for synonymy)DDR15
|--A. cincta (Mocsáry 1898) [=Trigona cincta, T. (Plebeia) cincta]DDR15
|--A. essingtoni (Cockerell 1905) [=Trigona essingtoni, T. (Plebeia) essingtoni]DDR15
`--A. magna Dollin, Dollin & Rasmussen 2015DDR15
PapuatrigonaDDR15
Nomen nudum: Exomalopsis callura Cockerell 1912Co12
Austroplebeia australis (Friese 1898) [=Trigona australis, T. (Plebeia) australis; incl. T. cockerelli Rayment 1930, Austroplebeia cockerelli, T. (Plebeia) cockerelli, T. cockerelli ornata Rayment 1932, Austroplebeia cockerelli ornata, T. (Plebeia) ornata, T. percincta Cockerell 1929, A. cincta percincta, T. (Plebeia) percincta, T. websteri Cockerell 1932, Austroplebeia websteri, T. (Plebeia) websteri]DDR15
*Austroplebeia cassiae (Cockerell 1910)M65 [=Trigona cassiaeDDR15, T. (Plebeia) cassiaeM65; incl. T. symei Rayment 1932DDR15, Austroplebeia symeiDDR15, T. (Plebeia) symeiDDR15]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.
[BD17] Branstetter, M. G., B. N. Danforth, J. P. Pitts, B. C. Faircloth, P. S. Ward, M. L. Buffington, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula & S. G. Brady. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27: 1019–1025.
[CSD10] Cardinal, S., J. Straka & B. N. Danforth. 2010. Comprehensive phylogeny of apid bees reveals the evolutionary origins and antiquity of cleptoparasitism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (37): 16207–16211.
[CC01] Cockerell, T. D. A., & W. P. Cockerell. 1901. Contributions from the New Mexico Biological Station.—IX. On certain genera of bees. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 46–50.
[Co12] Cockerell, W. P. 1912. Collecting bees at Gualan, Guatemala. Canadian Entomologist 44 (9): 277–282.
[Cr12] Crawford, J. C. 1912. Notes on some Canadian bees. Canadian Entomologist 44 (12): 359–360.
[DDR15] Dollin, A. E., L. J. Dollin & C. Rasmussen. 2015. Australian and New Guinean stingless bees of the genus Austroplebeia Moure (Hymenoptera: Apidae)—a revision. Zootaxa 4047 (1): 1–73.
[E01] Engel, M. S. 2001. A monograph of the Baltic amber bees and evolution of the Apoidea (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 259: 1–192.
[G20] Goldfuss, G. A. 1820. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte vol. 3. Handbuch der Zoologie pt 1. Johann Leonhard Schrag: Nürnberg.
[GGE19] Gonzalez, V. H., G. T. Gustafson & M. S. Engel. 2019. Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Journal of Melittology 85: 1–123.
[L49] Lucas, H. 1849. Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842 publiée par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d’une commission académique. Sciences physiques. Zoologie. II. Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. Troisième partie. Insectes (suite). Imprimerie Nationale: Paris.
[M65] Michener, C. D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 130: 1–362.
[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.
[R35] Rayment, T. 1935. A Cluster of Bees: Sixty essays on the life-histories of Australian bees, with specific descriptions of over 100 new species. Endeavour Press: Sydney.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[S72] Schlising, R. A. 1972. Foraging and nest provisioning behavior of the oligolectic bee, Diadasia bituberculata (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (3): 175–188.
[WE03] Wappler, T., & M. S. Engel. 2003. The Middle Eocene bee faunas of Eckfeld and Messel, Germany (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 908–921.