Actiniaria

Belongs within: Hexacorallia.
Contains: Actinostoloidea, Actinioidea, Metridioidea, Edwardsiidae.

The Actiniaria, sea anemones, are a diverse group of soft-bodied anthozoans characterised by the presence of three triangular, apical flaps on the nematocysts that flex outwards during discharge (Rodríguez et al. 2014).

<==Actiniaria [Actiniae, Athenaria, Nynantheae]RB14
    |--Enthemonae [Acontiaria, Mesomyaria, Ptychodacteae, Ptychodactiaria, Thenaria]RB14
    |    |  i. s.: SpongiactinidaeRB14
    |    |--ActinostoloideaRB14
    |    `--+--ActinioideaRB14
    |       `--MetridioideaRB14
    `--AnenthemonaeRB14
         |--EdwardsiidaeRB14
         `--Actinernoidea [Actinernidae, Endocoelantheae]RB14
              |--Synhalcurias laevisRB14
              `--+--Actinernus antarcticusRB14
                 `--+--Isactinernus quadrilobatusRB14
                    `--Halcurias [Halcuriidae]RB14
                         `--H. pilatusRB14

Actiniaria incertae sedis:
  Triga philippinesis Gray 1867RL03
  IsactiniaHS01
    |--I. olivaceaHS01
    `--I. tenebrosaO81
  ParactisHS01
    |--P. feroxHS01
    `--P. papaverH15
  RhodactisH94
    |--R. rhodostomaH94
    `--R. sancti-thomaeT87
  HeliactisH04
    |--H. bellisH04
    `--H. troglodytesH04
  Mesacmaea stellataH04
  Cylista impatiensH04
  BunodesH04
    |--B. moniliferaH04
    `--B. thalliaH04
  Anthea cereusH04
  Actinoloba dianthusH04
  TealiaS77
    |--T. crassicornis (Gosse 1858)S77
    `--T. lofotensis (Gosse 1858)S77
  AulactiniaEF91
    |--A. capitataCS77
    `--A. veratra (Drayton in Dana 1846) (see below for synonymy)EF91
  Gephyra dohrniPP64
  Eloactis mazeliPP64
  Oulactis muscosaH15
  Mackenzia costalis Walcott 1911NS93
  Isanemonia australisEF91
  RadianthusA75
    |--R. gelamA75
    |--R. maluA75
    `--R. ritteriA75
  Physobrachia douglasiA75
  Condylactis giganteusPMB15

Aulactinia veratra (Drayton in Dana 1846) [=Actinia veratra, Cnidopus verater, Cn. veratra, Phymactis veratra; incl. Cribrina verruculata Lager 1911, Bunodactis verruculata]^EF91

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[A75] Allen, G. R. 1975. Damselfishes of the South Seas. T.F.H.

[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.

[EF91] Edmands, S., & D. G. Fautin. 1991. Redescription of Aulactinia veratra n. comb. (=Cnidopus veratra) (Coelenterata: Actiniaria) from Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 15 (1): 59–68.

[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.

[HS01] Hayward, B. W., A. B. Stephenson, M. S. Morley, W. M. Blom, H. R. Grenfell, F. J. Brook, J. L. Riley, F. Thompson & J. J. Hayward. 2001. Marine biota of Parengarenga Harbour, Northland, New Zealand. Records of the Auckland Museum 37: 45–80.

[H15] Hedley, C. 1915. Presidential address. Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales 49 (1): 1–77, pls 1–7.

[H94] Humes, A. G. 1994. Two species of Paramolgus (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae) associated with the scleractinian Pavona in New Caledonia with a key to the females of Paramolgus. Beaufortia 44 (1): 1–9.

[NS93] Nudds, J. R., & J. J. Sepkoski Jr. 1993. Coelenterata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 101–124. Chapman & Hall: London.

[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PMB15] Petuch, E. J., R. F. Myers & D. P. Berschauer. 2015. The Living and Fossil Busycon Whelks: Iconic Mollusks of Eastern North America. San Diego Shell Club, Inc.

[RB14] Rodríguez, E., M. S. Barbeitos, M. R. Brugler, L. M. Crowley, A. Grajales, L. Gusmão, V. Häussermann, A. Reft & M. Daly. 2014. Hidden among sea anemones: the first comprehensive phylogenetic reconstruction of the order Actiniaria (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia) reveals a novel group of hexacorals. PLoS One 9 (5): e96998.

[RL03] Ryland, J. S., & J. E. Lancaster. 2003. Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific. Invertebrate Systematics 17: 407–428.

[S77] Salo, S. 1977. Observations on feeding, chemoreception and toxins in two species of Epitonium. Veliger 20 (2): 168–172.

[T87] Trench, R. K. 1987. Dinoflagellates in non-parasitic symbioses. In: Taylor, F. J. R. (ed.) The Biology of Dinoflagellates pp. 530–570. Blackwell Scientific.