Belongs within: Zingiberaceae.
The Alpinieae are a pantropical clade within the Zingiberaceae. The large genera Alpinia, Amomum and Etlingera within the Alpinieae appear to be polyphyletic and are in need of revision. Economically significant members of the group include green cardamom Elettaria cardamomum and Amomum species producing black cardamom.
Amomum species are an Indo-Australian genus characterised by inflorescences lacking a rigid involucre that are borne at ground level or partly subterraneously. Ground-level inflorescences are also produced by Etlingera, in which the labellum has an elongate basal lobe, and basal parts of the labellum and filament are joined to form a distinct tube above the petal insertions (Smith 1987).
Characters (from Kress et al. 2002): Evergreen; rhizomes fibrous; plane of distichy of leaves perpendicular to rhizome; extrafloral nectaries absent; lateral staminodes reduced or absent, labellum not connate to filament; filament medium, sometimes arching; anther crest petaloid or absent; ovary 3-locular; placentation axial or free central; fruits fleshy or indehiscent.
<==Alpinieae
| i. s.: AulotandraKPW02
| *Cyphostigma pulchellumKPW02
| Elettaria cardamomumKPW02, VM03
| |--E. c. var. cardamomumVM03
| `--E. c. var. majorVM03
| GeostachysKPW02
| *Leptosolena haenkeiKPW02
|--+--Alpinia Roxb. 1810 (nom. cons.)KPW02, S87
| | |--*A. galangaS87
| | |--A. arctiflora (Muell.) Benth. 1873 [=Hellenia arctiflora Muell. 1873]S87
| | |--A. arundelliana (Bailey) Schumann 1904 [=A. coerulea var. arundelliana Bailey 1895]S87
| | |--A. coerulea (Br.) Benth. 1873 [=Hellenia coerulea Br. 1810]S87
| | |--A. formosanaE62
| | |--A. hylandii Smith 1980S87
| | |--A. javanicaP88
| | |--A. maniiCMT06
| | |--A. modesta Muell. ex Schumann 1904S87
| | |--A. nigraBB07
| | |--A. nutansT-W89
| | |--A. purpurataDS04
| | |--A. racemigera Muell. 1873S87
| | |--A. zerumbetH06
| | `--A. conchigeraKPW02
| `--+--+--+--Paramomum petaloideumKPW02
| | | `--ElettariopsisKPW02
| | | |--E. kerbyiKPW02
| | | `--E. stenosiphonKPW02
| | `--Amomum Roxb. 1820 (nom. cons.)KPW02, S87
| | |--*A. subulatum Roxb. 1820S87
| | |--A. aculeatumCMT06
| | |--A. dallachyi Muell. 1873 [=Cardamomum dallachyi (Muell.) Kuntze 1891]S87
| | |--A. fenzlii [=Hornstedtia fenzlii]CMT06
| | |--A. glabrumKPW02
| | |--A. longipetiolatumKPW02
| | |--A. megalocheilosR44
| | `--A. queenslandicum Smith 1980S87
| `--+--AframomumKPW02
| | |--A. danielliiKPW02
| | `--+--A. angustifoliumKPW02
| | `--A. sceptrumKPW02
| `--RenealmiaKPW02
| | i. s.: R. densifloraJ87
| | R. jamaicensisJ87
| |--R. battenbergianaKPW02
| `--+--R. cernuaKPW02
| `--+--R. alpinaKPW02
| `--R. thyrsoideaKPW02
`--+--+--‘Alpinia’ carolinensisKPW02
| `--+--‘Alpinia’ foxworthyiKPW02
| `--+--+--‘Alpinia’ calcarataKPW02
| | `--‘Alpinia’ officinarumKPW02
| `--+--‘Alpinia’ blepharocalyxKPW02
| `--+--‘Alpinia’ intermediaKPW02
| `--‘Alpinia’ pumilaKPW02
`--+--+--‘Amomum’ villosumKPW02
| `--Etlingera Giseke 1792KPW02, S87 [incl. Achasma Griffith 1851S87]
| |--*E. littoralis (König) Giseke 1792S87
| |--E. australasica (Smith) Smith 1986 [=Achasma australasicum Smith 1980]S87
| |--‘Achasma’ macrocheilosP88 [incl. *A. megalocheilos Griffith 1851S87, P88, S87]
| `--‘Achasma’ puniceum [incl. Amomum coccineum]R44
`--+--Hornstedtia Retz. 1791KPW02, S87
| |--*H. scyphiferaS87
| |--H. hainanensisKPW02
| `--H. scottiana (Muell.) Schumann 1904 (see below for synonymy)S87
`--+--+--‘Etlingera’ elatiorKPW02 [=Nicolaia elatiorP88]
| `--‘Etlingera’ yunnanensisKPW02
`--+--‘Alpinia’ vittataKPW02
`--+--+--‘Alpinia’ elegansKPW02
| `--‘Alpinia’ luteocarpaKPW02
`--VanoverberghiaKPW02
|--*V. sepulchreiKPW02
`--V. sasakianaKPW02
Hornstedtia scottiana (Muell.) Schumann 1904 [=Elettaria scottiana Muell. 1873; incl. Amomum lycostomum Lauterb. & Schumann 1899, Hornstedtia lycostoma (Lauterb. & Schumann) Schumann 1901]S87
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.
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[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[KPW02] Kress, W. J., L. M. Prince & K. J. Williams. 2002. The phylogeny and a new classification of the gingers (Zingiberaceae): evidence from molecular data. American Journal of Botany 89 (11): 1682–1696.
[P88] Polunin, I. 1988. Plants and Flowers of Malaysia. Times Editions: Singapore.
[R44] Rayment, T. 1944. A critical revision of species in the zonata group of Anthophora by new characters (part I). Dobutu Gaku—Iho 1 (1): 1–33.
[S87] Smith, R. M. 1987. Zingiberaceae. Flora of Australia 45: 19–34.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[VM03] Viswanathan, M. B., & U. Manikandan. 2003. A new species of Balsaminaceae, Impatiens tirunelvelica, from peninsular India. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 189–194.