Belongs within: Arecaceae.
Contains: Ptychosperma, Pinanga, Caryota, Heterospathe.
The Arecoideae are the largest of the generally recognised palm subfamilies, containing about 1100 species. Flowers are borne in triads or two vertical rows, and style branches are separate.
Notable members of the Arecoideae include the coconut Cocos nucifera, widely grown in tropical regions of the world for their large edible seeds, as well as for fibres from the leaves and fruit. Edible fruit are also produced by the peach palm Bactris gasipaes and açaí palm Euterpe edulis of South America. Growing tips of Euterpe species are also eaten as a vegetable, palm hearts. The seeds of the betel nut palm Areca catechu are chewed as an intoxicant.
<==Arecoideae [Caryotoideae]
|--IriarteeaeHB09
| |--IriarteaHB09
| | |--I. deltoideaS60
| | |--I. exorrhizaS60
| | |--I. setigeraS60
| | `--I. ventricosaS60
| `--DictyocaryumHB09
|--Chamaedorea [Chamaedoreeae]HB09
| |--C. carchensisHB09
| |--C. cataractarumB00b
| |--C. microcarpaMH98
| `--C. microspadixB00b
|--EuterpeaeHB09
| |--EuterpeZ03
| | |--E. edulisDS86
| | `--E. oleraceaDS04
| `--PrestoeaHB09
| |--P. longepetiolataZ03
| | |--P. l. var. longepetiolataZ03
| | `--P. l. var. cuatrecasasiiZ03
| |--P. montana [incl. Euterpe globosa]J87
| `--P. pubensZ03
|--Cocoseae [Cocoideae, Cocosoideae]HB09
| | i. s.: CocosF11
| | |--C. coronataG72
| | |--C. nuciferaF11
| | |--C. plumosa [incl. Arecastrum romazoffianum]G72
| | |--C. romanzoffianaG72
| | `--C. yattaeB88
| | Trichotomosulcites antiquus Krutzsch & Lenk 1969CBH93
| |--BactridinaeHB09
| | |--AiphanesHB09
| | | |--A. coralinaB00b
| | | `--A. eggersiiBBB03
| | `--BactrisHB09
| | |--B. gasipaesF11
| | |--B. ottostapfeanaB00b
| | `--B. utilisC38
| `--AttaleinaeHB09
| |--VoanioalaHB09
| `--AttaleaHB09
| |--A. alleniiB00b
| |--A. butyraceaF11
| |--A. cohuneG69
| |--A. maripaB14
| `--A. phalerataHSS13
`--AreceaeHB09
|--Nenga wendlandianaHB09, RC02
|--IguanuraHB09
|--HeterospatheTB08
|--ClinostigmaHB09 [incl. CyphokentiaB78]
| |--C. mooreanum [=Kentia mooreana]B78
| `--C. samoenseB00b
|--HydriasteleHB09
| |--H. costataHB09
| `--H. wendlandianaB00b [=Kentia wendlandianaB78]
|--ArecaHB09
| |--A. catechuHB09
| |--A. horridaT-W89
| |--A. normanbyi [=Cocos normanbyi]B78
| |--A. tigillariaT-W89
| `--A. triandraB00b
`--Cyrtostachys Blume 1838 [Cyrtostachydinae]HB09
| i. s.: C. ledermanniana Beccari 1923HB09
|--C. glauca Moore 1966HB09
`--+--*C. renda Blume 1838 (see below for synonymy)HB09
|--C. bakeri Heatubun in Heatubun, Baker et al. 2009HB09
|--C. barbata Heatubun in Heatubun, Baker et al. 2009HB09
|--C. elegans Burret 1937HB09
|--C. excelsa Heatubun in Heatubun, Baker et al. 2009HB09
`--C. loriae Beccari 1905 (see below for synonymy)HB09
Arecoideae incertae sedis:
WettiniaZ03
|--W. augustaS60
`--W. maynensis Spruce 1860 [=W. illaqueans Spruce 1860 (n. n.)]S60
ReinhardtiaZ03
DypsisZ03
|--D. baroniiB00b
|--D. cabadaeB00b
|--D. darainiiB00b
|--D. decaryiB00b
|--D. lastellianaB00b
`--D. lutescensB00b
NeonicholsoniaZ03
ArchontophoenixZ03
|--A. alexandraeB00b [=Ptychosperma alexandraeB78]
`--A. cunninghamianaB00b [=Ptychosperma cunninghamiiB78]
Laccospadix australasicaZ03, B00b
CalyptrocalyxZ03
Drymophloeus [incl. Coleospadix]Z03
Normanbya normanbyiZ03, B00b
AdonidiaZ03
PtychospermaZ03
LoxococcusZ03
LemurophoenixZ03
SiphokentiaZ03
GulubiaZ03
|--G. hombroniiB00b
`--G. macrospadixB00b
PinangaZ03
RhopaloblasteZ03
|--R. augustaB00b
|--R. ceramica (Miq.) Burret 1928 [=Cyrtostachys ceramica (Miq.) Wendl. in Kerch. 1878]HB09
`--R. ledermannianaHB09
Dictyosperma albumZ03, B00b
Actinorrhytis calappariaZ03, RC02
PhysokentiaZ03
OncospermaZ03
|--O. horridaRC02
`--O. tigillariumK03
Verschaffeltia splendidaZ03, B00b
RoscheriaZ03
PhoenicophoriumZ03
NephrospermumZ03
Beccariophoenix madagascariensisZ03, B00b
Lytocaryum weddellianumZ03, B00b
PolyandrococosZ03
Syagrus [incl. Rhyticocos]Z03
|--S. amaraB00b
|--S. comosaB00b
|--S. coronataB04
|--S. romanzoffianaF11
|--S. sanconaB00b
`--S. schizophyllaB00b
Oenocarpus [incl. Jessenia]Z03
|--O. bacabaSH02
|--‘Jessenia’ batanaDS86
|--O. maporaSDK-L03
`--‘Jessenia’ minutaB00b
PtychococcusZ03
|--P. arecinus [=Ptychosperma arecina Beccari 1877]Z03
|--P. lepidotusZ03
`--P. paradoxus [=Drymophloeus paradoxus Scheffer 1876, Ptychosperma paradoxa (Scheffer) Scheffer 1876]Z03
CaryotaZ03
RetimonocolpitesCBH93
|--R. pluribaculatus Salard-Cheboldaeff 1978CBH93
`--R. variplicatus Schrank & Mahmoud 1998I02
ArengaCBH93
|--*A. sacchariferaL00 [=Saguerus sacchariferB78]
|--A. australasicaB00a [=Saguerus australasicusB78]
|--A. candataZB03
|--A. engleriB00b
|--A. listeri Beccari 1891JG19
|--A. undulitifoliaK03
`--A. westerhoutiRC02
Cyrtostachys loriae Beccari 1905 [incl. C. brassii Burret 1935, C. kisu Beccari 1914, C. microcarpa Burret 1939, C. peekeliana Beccari 1914, C. phanerolepis Burret 1936]HB09
*Cyrtostachys renda Blume 1838 [=Bentinckia renda (Blume) Mart. 1853; incl. Ptychosperma coccinea Teijsm. & Binn. 1866 (n. n.), Areca erythrocarpa Wendl. in Kerch. 1878 (n. n.), A. erythropoda Miq. 1861, Cyrtostachys lakka Becc. 1885, Pinanga purpurea Miq. 1861 (nom. inv.), Pi. rubricaulis Linden 1885 (n. n.), Cyrtostachys lakka var. singaporensis Becc. 1885]HB09
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BBB03] Barfod, A. S., T. Burholt & F. Borchsenius. 2003. Contrasting pollination modes in three species of Licuala (Arecaceae: Coryphoideae). Telopea 10 (1): 207–223.
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature’s gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).
[B00a] Braby, M. F. 2000a. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).
[B00b] Braby, M. F. 2000b. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 1. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).
[B04] Brown, B. V. 2004. Revision of the subgenus Udamochiras of Melaloncha bee-killing flies (Diptera: Phoridae: Metopininae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 1–42.
[CBH93] Collinson, M. E., M. C. Boulter & P. L. Holmes. 1993. Magnoliophyta (‘Angiospermae’). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 809–841. Chapman & Hall: London.
[C38] Crawford, J. C. 1938. A new genus and species of Thysanoptera from greenhouses. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 40 (4): 109–111.
[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.
[DS86] Dixon, J. R. & P. Soini. 1986. The Reptiles of the Upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos Region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum: Milwaukee.
[F11] Fraga, R. M. 2011. Family Icteridae (New World blackbirds). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 684–807. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[G72] Gillogly, L. R. 1972. A new species of Mystrops from Costa Rica (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48 (2): 116–120.
[G69] Goodwin, G. G. 1969. Mammals from the State of Oaxaca, Mexico, in the American Museum of Natural History. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 141 (1): 1–269, 40 pls.
[HB09] Heatubun, C. D., W. J. Baker, J. P. Mogea, M. M. Harley, S. S. Tjitrosoedirdjo & J. Dransfield. 2009. A monograph of Cyrtostachys (Arecaceae). Kew Bulletin 64 (1): 67–94.
[HSS13] Hirschfeld, E., A. Swash & R. Still. 2013. The World’s Rarest Birds. Princeton University Press: Princeton (New Jersey).
[I02] Ibrahim, M. I. A. 2002. Late Albian-Middle Cenomanian palynofacies and palynostratigraphy, Abu Gharadig-5 well, Western Desert, Egypt. Cretaceous Research 23: 775-788.
[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[K03] Kulip, J. 2003. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal and other useful plants of Muruts in Sabah, Malaysia. Telopea 10 (1): 81–98.
[L00] Labillardiere, C. 1800. Mémoire sur un nouveau genre de palmier nommé Arenga. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 2 (45): 161–162.
[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.
[RC02] Ridley, H. N., & C. Curtis. 1902. Malay plant names. Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 38: 39–122.
[SDK-L03] Saw, L. G., J. Dransfield & D. M. Keith-Lucas. 2003. Morphological diversity of the genus Licuala (Palmae). Telopea 10 (1): 187–206.
[SH02] Short, L. L., & J. F. M. Horne. 2002. Family Ramphastidae (toucans). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 7. Jacamars to Woodpeckers pp. 220–272. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[S60] Spruce, R. 1860. On five new plants from eastern Peru. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London: Botany 4: 191–204.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[TB08] Trudgen, M. S., & W. J. Baker. 2008. A revision of the Heterospathe elegans (Arecaceae) complex in New Guinea. Kew Bulletin 63 (4): 639–647.
[ZB03] Zhao, J.-H., F.-Y. Bai, Q.-M. Wang & J.-H. Jia. 2003. Sporobolomyces bannaensis, a novel ballistoconidium-forming yeast species in the Sporidiobolus lineage. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 53: 2091–2093.
[Z03] Zona, S. 2003. Endosperm condition and the paradox of Ptychococcus paradoxus. Telopea 10 (1): 179–185.