Chama

Belongs within: Neoheterodontei.

Chama is a genus of superficially oyster-like bivalves found primarily in tropical regions. They are normally cemented to their substrate by the left valve, though individuals may sometimes be found cemented by the right valve (Darragh & Kendrick 2008). Such variation raises questions about the genus’ distinction from the closely related Pseudochama which has historically been separated on that basis.

Characters (from Cox et al. 1969): Sculpture well-developed, ornamentation foliaceous; shell cemented to substrate by left valve throughout life; beaks prosogyrate, ligament parivincular; hinge degenerate in appearance; two large, subequal muscle scars; pallial line entire.

Chama Linnaeus 1758DK10
    |--C. antiquata Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--C. asperella Lamarck 1819MG-H11
    |--C. aspersa Reeve 1846TW07
    |--C. bicornis Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--C. brassica Reeve 1847MG-H11
    |--C. broderipi Reeve 1846BD86
    |--C. buddianaC64
    |--C. cordata Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--C. corrugataC64
    |--C. crassicostata [=Venericardia crassicostata; incl. Cardita cuvieri Brod. 1832, Ca. michelini]C64
    |--C. detrita Zittel 1865SB93
    |--C. divaricata Reeve 1846H09
    |--C. echinata [incl. C. mexicana]C64
    |--C. exogyraC64
    |--C. fibula Reeve 1846S-S90
    |--C. fimbriata Reeve 1847H09
    |--C. floridaG79
    |--C. fornicataC64
    |--C. frondosa Broderip 1835PP78
    |--C. gryphinaPP64
    |--C. gryphoides Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--C. haueri Zittel 1865SB93
    |--C. iostoma Conrad 1837BW09
    |--C. jukesii Reeve 1847H09
    |--C. lamellifera Tenison Woods 1877DK10
    |--C. lazarus Linnaeus 1758L58 [incl. C. lazarus var. pannosus Lightfoot 1786K65]
    |--C. lobataC64
    |--C. macerophyllaGW02 [incl. C. imbricataG79]
    |--C. mexicanaC64
    |--C. pacifica Broderip 1835BW09
    |--C. pellucidaGW02
    |--C. plinthota Cox 1927BW09
    |--C. productaC64
    |--C. pulchella Reeve 1846H09
    |--C. reflexa Reeve 1846H09
    |--C. ruderalis Lamarck 1819DK10
    |--C. semipurpurata Lischke 1870TW07
    |--C. spinosa Broderip 1835H09
    |--C. subgigas d’Orbigny 1850DK10
    |--C. sulphurea Reeve 1846H09
    `--C. venosa Reeve 1847PP78

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BD86] Barash, A., & Z. Danin. 1986. Further additions to the knowledge of Indo-Pacific Mollusca in the Mediterranean Sea (Lessepsian migrants). Spixiana 9 (2): 117–141.

[BW09] Bryce, C., & C. Whisson. 2009. The macromolluscs of Mermaid (Rowley Shoals), Scott and Seringapatam Reefs, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 177–208.

[C64] Carpenter, P. P. 1864. Supplementary report on the present state of our knowledge with regard to the Mollusca of the west coast of North America. Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science 33: 517–686.

Cox, L. R., N. D. Newell et al. 1969. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt N. Bivalvia vol. 2. The Geological Society of America, Inc. and The University of Kansas.

Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2008. Silicified Eocene molluscs from the Lower Murchison district, Southern Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 24 (3): 217–246.

[DK10] Darragh, T. A., & G. W. Kendrick. 2010. Eocene molluscs from the Merlinleigh Sandstone, Carnarvon Basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 26 (1): 23–41.

[GW02] Giribet, G., & W. Wheeler. 2002. On bivalve phylogeny: a high-level analysis of the Bivalvia (Mollusca) based on combined morphology and DNA sequence data. Invertebrate Biology 121 (4): 271–324.

[G79] Guppy, R. J. L. 1879. First sketch of a marine invertebrate fauna of the Gulf of Paria and its neighbourhood. Part I.—Mollusca. Journal of Conchology 2: 151–172.

[H09] Hedley, C. 1909. The Marine Fauna of Queensland: Address by the President of Section D. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science: Brisbane.

[K65] Kay, E. A. 1965. The Reverend John Lightfoot, Daniel Solander, and the Portland Catalogue. Nautilus 79 (1): 10–19.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.

[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.

[PP78] Poorman, F. L., & L. H. Poorman. 1978. Additional molluscan records from Bahía de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte. Veliger 20 (4): 369–374.

[SB93] Skelton, P. W., & M. J. Benton. 1993. Mollusca: Rostroconchia, Scaphopoda and Bivalvia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 237–263. Chapman & Hall: London.

[S-S90] Slack-Smith, S. M. 1990. The bivalves of Shark Bay, Western Australia. In: Berry, P. F., S. D. Bradshaw & B. R. Wilson (eds) Research in Shark Bay: Report of the France-Australe Bicentenary Expedition Committee pp. 129–157. Western Australian Museum.

[TW07] Taylor, J. D., S. T. Williams, E. A. Glover & P. Dyal. 2007. A molecular phylogeny of heterodont bivalves (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Heterodonta): new analyses of 18S and 28S rRNA genes. Zoologica Scripta 36 (6): 587–606.