Belongs within: Ostariophysi.
Contains: Characidae.
The Characiformes are a group of tropical freshwater fish found in Africa and the Neotropical region.
Characters (from Bond 1996): Orbitosphenoid, parietal, symplectic and subopercular bones present; jaw teeth present, opposing pharyngeal teeth usually present; barbels absent; first hypural separated from compound ural centrum; adipose fin present.
Characiformes [Caracinoidei]
| i. s.: Paracheirodon innesiB96
| Probolobus heterostomusB96
| MetynnisB96
| Colossoma macropomumG88
| Stethaprion erythropsSL86
| Agoniates anchovia [incl. A. ladigesi]ZT-P04
| Chilobrycon deuterodonZT-P04
| Arnoldichthys spilopterusZT-P04
| Creagrutus maxillarisZT-P04
|--Santanichthys diasiiAS09
`--+--CitharinoideiB-RB13
| |--CitharinusB96 [CitharinidaeB-RB13, Citharininae]
| | |--C. citharusB96
| | `--C. congicusB96
| `--DistichodusNE12 [DistichodontidaeB-RB13, Distichodontinae]
| |--D. maculatusNE12
| |--D. notospilusSLH06
| `--D. rostratusSL86
`--CharacoideiB-RB13
| i. s.: AcestrorhynchusGM01 [AcestrorhynchidaeB-RB13]
| Chalceus Cuvier 1817ZT-P04 (see below for synonymy)
| |--*C. macrolepidotus Cuvier 1817 (see below for synonymy)ZT-P04
| |--C. epakros Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004ZT-P04
| |--C. erythrurus (Cope 1870) (see below for synonymy)ZT-P04
| |--C. guaporensis Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004ZT-P04
| `--C. spilogyros Zanata & Toledo-Piza 2004ZT-P04
| Crenuchidae [Crenuchinae]B-RB13
| Ctenoluciidae [Xiphostomidae]B-RB13
| HopliasP93 [ErythrinidaeB-RB13]
| `--H. malabaricusSL86 [incl. Macrodon ferox Gill 1858F16, M. trahira Regan 1906F16]
| GasteropelecidaeB-RB13
| |--GasteropelecusB96
| |--CarnegiellaB96
| `--ThoracocharaxB96
| HemiodontidaeB-RB13
| |--MicromischodusB96
| `--Bivibranchia [Hemiodontinae]B96
| HepsetusGM01 [HepsetidaeB-RB13]
| `--H. odoeB96
| LebiasinidaeB-RB13
| |--Nannostomus [Pyrrulininae]B96
| `--Lebiasina [Lebiasininae]B96
| `--L. bimaculatusB96
| ParodonF18 [ParodontidaeB-RB13, Parodontinae]
| |--P. affinisB96
| `--P. paraguayensisF18
| ProchilodusF15 [ProchilodontidaeB-RB13, Prochilodontinae]
| |--P. lineatusPRB10
| |--P. nigricansF15
| `--P. steindachneriF15
| Serrasalmidae [Serrasalminae]B-RB13
| |--PygobryconGM01
| |--Pygocentrus pirayaB96, F15
| `--SerrasalmusGM01
| |--S. elongatusB96
| |--S. maculatus Kner 1858KC-L22
| |--S. marginatus Valenciennes 1837KC-L22
| `--S. rhombeusF15
| TriportheidaeB-RB13
| CurimataP93 [CurimatidaeB-RB13, Curimatinae]
| |--C. argenteus Gill 1858F16
| |--C. cyprinoidesF15
| `--C. mosesi Travassos & Silva Santos 1955P93
| Iguanodectidae [Iguanodectinae]B-RB13
|--+--BryconNE12 [BryconidaeB-RB13]
| | `--B. pesuNE12
| `--+--CharacidaeNE12
| `--LeporinusNE12 [AnostomidaeP93, Anostominae]
| |--L. copelandiiNE12
| `--L. friderici (Bloch 1794)KC-L22
`--Alestidae [Alestiinae]SM03
|--Phenacogrammus interruptusNE12
|--Hydrocynus goliathB96
|--AlestesG74
| |--A. baremoseB68
| |--A. imberiB50
| |--A. jacksoniG74
| |--A. macrophthalmusB50
| `--A. sadleriG74
|--BrycinusZT-P04
| |--B. imberi (Peters 1852)KC-L22
| `--B. nurse (Rüppell 1832)KC-L22
`--BrachyalestesZT-P04
Chalceus Cuvier 1817ZT-P04 [incl. Pellegrinina Fowler 1906ZT-P04, Plethodectes Cope 1870ZT-P04; ChalceidaeB-RB13]
Chalceus erythrurus (Cope 1870) [=*Plethodectes erythrurus, Pl. erythrinus (l. c.); incl. *Pellegrinina heterolepis Fowler 1906, Chalceus macrolepidotus iquitensis Nakashima 1941]ZT-P04
*Chalceus macrolepidotus Cuvier 1817 [=Brycon macrolepidotus; incl. Ch. ararapeera Cuvier & Valenciennes 1850, Creagrutus pellegrini Puyo 1943]ZT-P04
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[B-RB13] Betancur-R., R., R. E. Broughton, E. O. Wiley, K. Carpenter, A. López, C. Li, N. I. Holcroft, D. Arcila, M. Sanciangco, J. C. Cureton, II, F. Zhang, T. Buser, M. A. Campbell, J. A. Ballesteros, A. Roa-Varon, S. Willis, W. C. Borden, T. Rowley, P. C. Reneau, D. J. Hough, G. Lu, T. Grande, G. Arratia & G. Ortí. 2013. The tree of life and a new classification of bony fishes. PLoS Currents Tree of Life April 18 2013. doi: 10.1371/currents.tol.53ba26640df0ccaee75bb165c8c26288.
[B96] Bond, C. E. 1996. Biology of Fishes 2nd ed. Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth.
[B50] Brooks, J. L. 1950. Speciation in ancient lakes (concluded). Quarterly Review of Biology 25: 131–176.
[B68] Brooks, J. L. 1968. The effects of prey size selection by lake planktivores. Systematic Zoology 17 (3): 273–291.
[F15] Fowler, H. W. 1915. Cold-blooded vertebrates from Florida, the West Indies, Costa Rica, and eastern Brazil. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (2): 244–269.
[F16] Fowler, H. W. 1916. The fishes of Trinidad, Grenada, and St. Lucia, British West Indies. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 67 (3): 520–548.
[F18] Fowler, H. W. 1918. A new characin from Paraguay. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 70: 141–143.
[GM01] Gayet, M., L. G. Marshall, T. Sempere, F. J. Meunier, H. Cappetta & J-C. Rage. 2001. Middle Maastrichtian vertebrates (fishes, amphibians, dinosaurs and other reptiles, mammals) from Pajcha Pata (Bolivia). Biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic and palaeobiostratigraphic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 169: 39–68.
[G88] Gray, J. 1988. Evolution of the freshwater ecosystem: the fossil record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 62: 1–214.
[G74] Greenwood, P. H. 1974. The cichlid fishes of Lake Vistoria, East Africa: the biology and evolution of a species flock. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Zoology Suppl. 6: 1–134.
[KC-L22] Kmentová, N., A. J. Cruz-Laufer, A. Pariselle, K. Smeets, T. Artois & M. P. M. Vanhove. 2022. Dactylogyridae 2022: a meta-analysis of phylogenetic studies and generic diagnoses of parasitic flatworms using published genetic and morphological data. International Journal for Parasitology 52: 427–457.
[NE12] Near, T. J., R. I. Eytan, A. Dornburg, K. L. Kuhn, J. A. Moore, M. P. Davis, P. C. Wainwright, M. Friedman & W. L. Smith. 2012. Resolution of ray-finned fish phylogeny and timing of diversification. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 109 (34): 13698–13703.
[P93] Patterson, C. 1993. Osteichthyes: Teleostei. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 621–656. Chapman & Hall: London.
[PRB10] Plaul, S. E., N. G. Romero & C. G. Barbeito. 2010. Distribution of the exotic parasite, Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda, Lernaeidae) in Argentina. Bulletin of the European Association of Fish Pathologists 30 (2): 65–73.
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[SL86] Schaefer, S. A., & G. V. Lauder. 1986. Historical transformation of functional design: evolutionary morphology of feeding mechanisms in loricarioid catfishes. Systematic Zoology 35 (4): 489–508.
[SLH06] Sullivan, J. P., J. G. Lundberg & M. Hardman. 2006. A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 636–662.
[ZT-P04] Zanata, A. M., & M. Toledo-Piza. 2004. Taxonomic revision of the South American fish genus Chalceus Cuvier (Teleostei: Ostariophysi: Characiformes) with the description of three new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140: 103–135.