Coleoidea

Belongs within: Ammonoidea.
Contains: Neocoleoidea, Belemnitida, Xiphoteuthididae.

The cephalopod clade Coleoidea includes all living cephalopods except the Nautilidae. The main character separating the coleoids from other cephalopods was the reduction and internalisation of the shell (phragmocone); modern coleoids are active hunters, their lack of an external shell giving them great motility. Basal fossil members of the clade possessed an internal guard formed of calcite.

The earliest cephalopods with an undoubted internal phragmocone belong to the Early Carboniferous Hematites (Kröger et al. 2011). Species of Hematites have a narrow, straight phragmocone with a short living chamber and a short, ridged rostrum of combined aragonite and organic material. The Carboniferous to Jurassic Aulacoceratida possess a long, tube-shaped living chamber on the phragmocone with a simple peristome. The Triassic to Jurassic Phragmoteuthididae have an aragonitic phragmocone and a three-lobed pro-ostracum (Garassino & Donovan 2000).

<==Coleoidea [Gamochonia]D93
    |--Hematites [Hematitida]KVF11
    |    |--H. barbarae Flower & Gordon 1959P68
    |    |--H. burbankensis Flower & Gordon 1959P68
    |    `--H. girtyi Flower & Gordon 1959D93
    |--+--NeocoleoideaKVF11
    |  `--BelemnoideaYVD98
    |       |--BelemnitidaGD00
    |       `--Phragmoteuthididae [Phragmoteuthida]GD00
    |            |  i. s.: ‘Belemnoteuthis’ montefiorei (Buckman 1880)GD00
    |            |--Permoteuthis groenlandica Rosenkrantz 1946D93
    |            `--PhragmoteuthisYVD98
    |                 |--P. conocauda (Quenstedt 1849)GD00
    |                 `--P. ticinensis Rieber 1970GD00
    `--Aulacoceratida [Protobelemnoidea]KVF11
         |  i. s.: ChoanoteuthisE64
         |--XiphoteuthididaeD93
         |--Palaeobelemnopsis [Palaeobelemnopsidae]D93
         |    `--P. sinensis Chen 1982D93
         |--Chitinoteuthis [Chitinoteuthididae]D93
         |    |--C. crassicristata Müller-Stol 1936D93
         |    `--C. decidua Müller-Stoll 1936D93
         `--AulacoceratidaeD93
              |--AulacocerasE64
              |--Paleoconus bakeri Flower & Gordon 1959D93
              |--Prographularia triadica Frech 1890D93
              |--Austroteuthis kuehni Jeletzky & Zapfe 1967D93
              `--BactritimimusD93
                   |--B. girtyi Flower & Gordon 1959P68
                   `--B. ulrichi Flower & Gordon 1959P68

Coleoidea incertae sedis:
  Dosidicus gigasW81
  Psychoteuthis glacialisH01
  Allouroteuthis antarcticusH01
  OstenoteuthidaeGD00
    |--Ostenoteuthis Garassino & Donovan 2000GD00
    |    `--*O. siroi Garassino & Donovan 2000GD00
    `--Uncinoteuthis Garassino & Donovan 2000GD00
         `--*U. cuvieri Garassino & Donovan 2000GD00
  Protoaulacoceras [Protoaulacoceratidae]D93
    `--P. longirostris Bandel, Reitner & Stürmer 1983D93
  Belospirula compressa Ayyasami & Jagandha Rao 1987D93
  Bayanoteuthis [Bayanoteuthididae]D93
    `--B. rugifer (Schloenbach 1868)D93
  Boletzkyida [Palaeoteuthomorpha]D93
    |--Naefiteuthis [Naefiteuthididae]D93
    |    `--N. breviphragmoconus Bandel et al. 1983D93
    `--Boletzkya [Boletzkyidae]D93
         |--B. hunsrueckensis Bandel et al. 1983D93
         `--B. longa Bandel et al. 1983D93
  ‘Bactrites’ quadrilineatusM17
  RugobactritesM17
  Antarcticeras nordenskjoeldiM20

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[D93] Doyle, P. 1993. Mollusca: Cephalopoda (Coleoidea). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 229–236. Chapman & Hall: London.

[E64] Erben, H. K. 1964. Bactritoidea. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt K. Mollusca 3. Cephalopoda—General Features—Endoceratoidea—Actinoceratoidea—Nautiloidea—Bactritoidea pp. K491–K505. The Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas Press.

[GD00] Garassino, A., & D. T. Donovan. 2000. A new family of coleoids from the Lower Jurassic of Osteno, northern Italy. Palaeontology 43 (6): 1019–1038.

[H01] Harcourt, R. G. 2001. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990-2000: pinnipeds. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 31 (1): 135–160.

[KVF11] Kröger, B., J. Vinther & D. Fuchs. 2011. Cephalopod origin and evolution: a congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules. Bioessays 33: 602–613.

[M17] Mutvei, H. 2017. The new order Mixosiphonata (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) and related taxa; estimations of habitat depth based on shell structure. GFF 139 (3): 219–232.

[M20] Mutvei, H. 2020. Restudy of some plectronocerid nautiloids (Cephalopoda) from the late Cambrian of China; discussion on nautiloid evolution and origin of the siphuncle. GFF 142 (2): 115–124.

[P68] Purnell, L. R. 1968. Catalog of the type specimens of invertebrate fossils. Part I: Paleozoic Cephalopoda. United States National Museum Bulletin 262: 1–198.

[W81] Watson, L. 1981. Sea Guide to Whales of the World. Hutchinson: London.

[YVD98] Young, R. E., M. Vecchione & D. T. Donovan. 1998. The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology. South African Journal of Marine Science 20: 393–420.