Belongs within: Cynipoidea.
Contains: Aulax, Dryophanta, Aulacidea, Synergus, Diastrophini, Cynipini.
The Cynipidae are a family of small phytophagous wasps either forming galls in angiosperms or developing as inquilines of other gall-formers (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). They are characterised by a medially constricted metascutellum, an open marginal cell on the fore wing, and the absence of a lateral carina on the pronotum (Ronquist & Nieves-Aldrey 2001).
Females have the hypopygium produced to form a small spine (Naumann 1991). Cynipids are most diverse in the Northern Hemisphere (Naumann 1991). The species Phanacis hypochoeridis which attacks stems of cat’s-ear Hypochaeris radicata has become widely distributed in association with its host. Many cynipids show an alternation between parthenogenetic and sexually-reproducing generations which may differ in appearance. Wingless asexual generations may alternate with winged sexual generations, or the two generations may produce different forms of galls (Richards & Davies 1977).
The Aylacini induce galls on herbaceous hosts. The Synergini are inquilines, primarily on other cynipids.
<==Cynipidae [Cynipinae]
|--Aylacini [Aulacideini]BS23
| | i. s.: Barbotinia Nieves-Aldrey 1994RN-A01
| | `--*B. oraniensis (Barbotin 1964) [=Aylax oraniensis]RN-A01
| |--PhanacisBS23
| | |--P. centaureaeA81
| | `--P. hypochoeridisN91
| `--+--+--Isocolcus scabiosaeBS23
| | `--AulacideaBS23
| `--+--AntistrophusBS23
| | |--A. chrysothamni [=Aulax chrysothamni]G05
| | |--A. lygodesmiaepisum [incl. A. pisum]G05
| | `--A. minorBS23
| `--AylaxBS23
| |--A. hypochoeridisR70
| `--A. salviaeBS23
`--+--SyngerginiBS23
| |--+--SynophrusBS23
| | | |--S. pilulaeBS23
| | | `--S. politusA81
| | `--+--SynergusBS23
| | `--Ceroptres [Ceroptresini]BS23
| | |--C. aratorA81
| | `--C. cerriA81
| `--Rhoophilus loewiBS23
`--+--DiastrophiniBS23
`--CynipiniBS23
Cynipidae incertae sedis:
Amblynotus Hartig 1840G29, GM79
|--A. berlesei Girault 1937G37
|--A. hartigi Girault 1930G30a [=A. parvus Girault 1929 non Hart 1840G29]
|--A. parvus Hart 1840G30a
|--A. pilosiscutum Girault 1929G29
`--A. ruficeps Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901MS01
Hexaplasta Forster 1869G30b, GM79
|--H. aemilia Girault 1930GM79
|--H. florentia Girault 1930GM79
|--H. julia Girault 1930GM79
|--H. lucia Girault 1930GM79
|--H. maria Girault 1930GM79
|--H. mozarti Girault 1930GM79
`--H. thoreauini Girault 1930GM79
Glyptoxysta bifoveata Girault 1931G31 [incl. G. bispinosa Girault 1931 (n. n.)G32b, G31]
Australofigites Girault 1932G32b
`--*A. poeta Girault 1932G32b
Pentacrita marguerita Girault 1934G34
Iraella hispanica Nieves-Aldrey 2005F05
Psilodora hyalipennis Szépligeti in Mocsáry & Szépligeti 1901MS01
Microstilba bidentataMS01
AulaxMS01
Sinocynipites Hong 2002H02
`--*S. fushunensis Hong 2002H02
Eocynipites Hong 2002H02
`--*E. xilutianensis Hong 2002H02
Eucynipites Hong 2002H02
`--*E. guchengziensis Hong 2002H02
Protimaspis costalis Kinsey 1937P92
BiorrhizaRD77 [incl. ApophyllusA81, DryoterasA81]
|--B. pallidaRD77 [incl. B. apteraRD77, Teras terminalisA81, Biorhiza terminalisA81]
|--B. forticornisA81
`--B. renum [incl. Trigonaspis crustalis]A81
DryophantaA81
Belenocnema treataeA81
TimaspisA81
|--T. lampsanaeA81
`--T. phaenixopodosA81
XestophanesA81
|--X. brevitarsis [incl. X. tormentillae]A81
`--X. potentillae [incl. X. abbreviatus]A81
SapholytusA81
|--S. connatus [incl. S. erythroneurus]A81
|--S. haimiA81
`--S. undulatusA81
TrigonaspisA81
|--T. megaptera [incl. T. renum]A81
`--T. synaspisA81
Chilaspis nitidaA81
Loxaulus mammulaA81
HolcapisA81
|--H. duricoriaA81
|--H. globulusA81
`--H. rugosaA81
NeaylaxRN-A01
LiposthenesRN-A01
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A81] Adler, H. 1881. Les Cynipides. 1re partie. Introduction. La génération alternante chez les cynipides, traduit et annoté par J. Lichtenstein, suivi de la classification des cynipides d’après le Dr G. Mayr. C. Coulet: Montpellier.
[BS23] Blaimer, B. B., B. F. Santos, A. Cruaud, M. W. Gates, R. R. Kula, I. Mikó, J.-Y. Rasplus, D. R. Smith, E. J. Talamas, S. G. Brady & M. L. Buffington. 2023. Key innovations and the diversification of Hymenoptera. Nature Communications 14: 1212.
[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.
[G29] Girault, A. A. 1929. New pests from Australia. VI. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 266–269).
[G30a] Girault, A. A. 1930a. New pests from Australia. VIII. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 273–277).
[G30b] Girault, A. A. 1930b. New pests from Australia. IX. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 278–279).
[G31] Girault, A. A. 1931. Hymenoptera, Thysanoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 284–285).
[G32] Girault, A. A. 1932. New lower Hymenoptera from Australia and India. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 293–298).
[G34] Girault, A. A. 1934. Miridae et Hymenoptera nova Australiensis. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 308–310).
[G37] Girault, A. A. 1937. New naturals, unorthodoxies and non-pollutions, viz. new hexapods. Privately published (reprinted: Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 326–328).
[GM79] Gordh, G., A. S. Menke, E. C. Dahms & J. C. Hall. 1979. The privately printed papers of A. A. Girault. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 28: 1–400.
[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.
[H02] Hong Y. 2002. Amber Insect of China. Beijing Scientific and Technological Publishing House.
[MS01] Mocsáry, A., & V. Szépligeti. 1901. Hymenopterák [Hymenopteren]. In: Horváth, G. (ed.) Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazása [Dritte Asiatische Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] vol. 2. Zichy Jenő Gróf Harmadik Ázsiai Utazásának Állattani Eredményei [Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy] pp. 121–169. Victor Hornyánszky: Budapest, and Karl W. Hierseman: Leipzig.
[N91] Naumann, I. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 916–1000. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[R70] Riek, E. F. 1970. Hymenoptera (wasps, bees, ants). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 867–959. Melbourne University Press.
[RN-A01] Ronquist, F., & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2001. A new subfamily of Figitidae (Hymenoptera, Cynipoidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 133: 483–494.