Belongs within: Polypodiales.
Contains: Bolbitidaceae, Elaphoglossum, Dryopteris, Polystichum.
The Dryopteridaceae are a group of ferns with their highest diversity in tropical regions, though there are also a number of temperate species. The majority of species in the family are terrestrial, including the hard ferns of the genus Polystichum and the wood ferns of the genus Dryopteris. The genus Ctenitis is distinguished by round-reniform indusia and soft, multicellular hairs on the stipes and rhachis (Allan 1961).
Characters (from Smith et al. 2006): Terrestrial, epipetric, hemiepiphytic, or epiphytic; rhizomes creeping, ascending or erect, sometimes scandent or climbing, with non-clathrate scales at apices; petioles with numerous round vascular bundles arranged in a ring; blades monomorphic, less often dimorphic, sometimes scaly or glandular, uncommonly hairy; veins pinnate or forking, free to variously anastomosing, with or without included veinlets; sori usually round, indusia round-reniform or peltate (lost in several lineages), or sori exindusiate, acrostichoid in a few lineages; sporangia with 3-rowed, short to long stalks; spores reniform, monolete, perine winged; x = 41, rarely 40.
<==Dryopteridaceae
| i. s.: Lithostegia foeniculacea (Hooker) Ching 1933 (see below for synonymy)I88
| Acrophorus stipellatus Moore 1854 [incl. Davallia nodosa (Presl) Hooker 1846, Leucostegia nodosa]I88
| Peranema cyathoides Don 1825 [incl. Sphaeropteris barbata Wallich ex Hope 1900]I88
| Diacalpe aspidioides Blume 1828 [=Peranema aspidioides (Blume) Mett. 1859]I88
| |--D. a. var. aspidioidesI88
| `--D. a. var. hookeriana (Wallich) Ching & Wu in Wu 1983I88
|--+--+--Polystichopsis Smith 1875SP09, A61
| | | |--P. chaerophylloidesSP09
| | | `--P. denticulataL54
| | `--+--+--Cyclodium trianaeSP09
| | | `--Polybotrya alfrediiSP09
| | `--+--Maxonia apiifoliaSP09
| | `--Olfersia cervinaSP09
| `-+--StigmatopterisSP09
| | |--S. lechleriSP09
| | `--S. longicaudataSP09
| `--+--Lastreopsis Ching 1938SP09, A61
| | | i. s.: L. acuminata [incl. L. shepherdii]H90
| | | L. decomposita (Br.) Tindale 1957H90, A61 (see below for synonymy)
| | | L. marginansH90
| | | L. microsoraH90
| | | L. munitaH90
| | | L. silvestrisH90
| | | L. smithianaH90
| | |--+--L. effusaSP09
| | | `--L. glabella (Cunn.) Tindale 1957SP09, A61 (see below for synonymy)
| | `--+--L. hispida (Swartz) Tindale 1957SP09, A61 (see below for synonymy)
| | `--+--Rumohra Raddi 1819SP09, A61
| | | |--*R. adiantiformis (Forst. f.) Ching 1934C49, A61 (see below for synonymy)
| | | `--R. aristatum (Forster) Ching 1934A61 (see below for synonymy)
| | `--MegalastrumSP09
| | |--M. biserialeSP09
| | `--+--M. macrothecaSP09
| | `--M. subincisumSP09
| `--+--BolbitidaceaeSP09
| `--+--Teratophyllum wilkesianumSP09
| `--+--+--‘Bolbitis’ nicotianifoliaSP09
| | `--Lomagramma guianensisSP09
| `--ElaphoglossumR-SN07
`--+--Ctenitis Christensen 1938SP09, A61 [incl. ParapolystichumC49]
| |--C. apiciflora (Wallich) Ching 1938 (see below for synonymy)I88
| |--C. cheilanthinaJ87
| |--C. clarkei (Baker) Ching 1936 (see below for synonymy)I88
| |--C. hemsleyanaL54
| |--C. interjectaL54
| |--C. manipurensis (Bedd.) Ching 1938 (see below for synonymy)I88
| |--C. nidus (Clarke) Ching 1938 (see below for synonymy)I88
| |--C. pallensH03
| |--C. sloaneiSP09
| |--C. subincisaJ87
| |--C. submarginalisSP09
| `--C. velutina (Rich.) Cop. 1947 (see below for synonymy)A61
`--+--+--ArachniodesSP09
| | |--A. amabilis (Blume) Tindale 1961 [=Aspidium amabile Blume 1828; incl. Lastrea amabilis]I88
| | |--A. aristataH90
| | |--A. coniifolia (Moore) Ching 1962 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | |--A. denticulataSP09
| | `--A. spectabilis (Ching) Ching 1962 [=Rumohra spectabilis Ching 1934]I88
| `--DryopterisSP09
`--+--Phanerophlebia nobilisSP09
`--+--CyrtomiumSP09
| |--C. caryotideum (Wallich) Presl 1836 (see below for synonymy)I88
| |--C. falcatum (L. f.) Presl 1836 [=Polypodium falcatum L. f. 1781]B06
| |--C. fortunei Smith 1866I88
| |--C. hookerianum (Presl) Christensen 1913 (see below for synonymy)I88
| `--C. macrophyllum (Makino) Tagawa 1934 [=Aspidium falcatum var. macrophyllum Makino 1902]I88
`--PolystichumSP09
Arachniodes coniifolia (Moore) Ching 1962 [=Lastrea coniifolia Moore 1857, Aspidium coniifolium Wallich ex Mett. 1858 non Presl 1822, Rumohra wallichii Ching 1934; incl. A. cornu-cervi Hamilton ex Don 1825, A. mucronatum Hamilton ex Don 1825]I88
Ctenitis apiciflora (Wallich) Ching 1938 [=Aspidium apiciflorum Wallich ex Mett. 1858, Dryopteris apiciflora (Wallich) Ktze. 1891, Lastrea apiciflora (Wallich) Presl 1883, Lastrea filix-mas var. parallelogramma subvar. apiciflora (Wallich) Bedd. 1883, Nephrodium apiciflorum (Wallich) Hooker 1862]I88
Ctenitis clarkei (Baker) Ching 1936 [=Nephrodium clarkei Baker in Hooker 1874, Lastrea filix-mas var. parallelogramma subvar. clarkei (Baker) Bedd. 1883]I88
Ctenitis manipurensis (Bedd.) Ching 1938 [=Polypodium manipurensis Bedd. 1889, Phegopteris manipurensis (Bedd.) Bedd. 1892]I88
Ctenitis nidus (Clarke) Ching 1938 [=Nephrodium nidus Clarke 1876, Lastrea filix-mas var. parallelogramma subvar. nidus (Clarke) Bedd. 1883, N. apiciflorum var. nidus (Clarke) Clarke 1880]I88
Ctenitis velutina (Rich.) Cop. 1947 [=Aspidium velutinum Rich. 1832, Dryopteris velutina Kuntze 1891, Lastreopsis velutina (Rich.) Tindale 1957, Nephrodium velutinum Hook. f. 1855]A61
Cyrtomium caryotideum (Wallich) Presl 1836 [=Aspidium caryotideum Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1828, C. falcatum var. caryotideum (Wallich) Bedd. 1883]I88
Cyrtomium hookerianum (Presl) Christensen 1913 [=Lastrea hookeriana Presl 1836; incl. Aspidium caducum (Presl) Wallich ex Clarke 1880]I88
Lastreopsis decomposita (Br.) Tindale 1957H90, A61 [=Nephrodium decompositum Br. 1810A61, Aspidium decompositum Spreng. 1827A61, Ctenitis decomposita (Br.) Cop. 1947A61, Dryopteris decomposita (Br.) Kuntze 1891A61, Lastrea decompositaB78; incl. Nephrodium lancilobumB78, N. microsorum Endl. 1833A61, Lastreopsis microsora (Endl.) Tindale 1957A61, N. pentangularum Col. 1846A61, Polypodium rufescensB78]
Lastreopsis glabella (Cunn.) Tindale 1957SP09, A61 [=Nephrodium glabellum Cunn. 1837A61, Ctenitis glabella (Cunn.) Cop. 1947A61, Dryopteris glabella (Cunn.) Christensen 1905A61, Nephrodium decompositum var. glabellum Hook. f. 1855A61; incl. N. decompositum var. microphyllum Hook. 1862A61]
Lastreopsis hispida (Swartz) Tindale 1957SP09, A61 [=Aspidium hispidum Swartz 1806A61, Nephrodium hispidum Hook. 1862A61, Polystichum hispidum Smith 1841A61, Rumohra hispida (Swartz) Cop. 1947A61]
Lithostegia foeniculacea (Hooker) Ching 1933 [=Aspidium foeniculaceum Hooker 1862, Diacalpe foeniculacea (Hooker) Clarke 1880, Lastrea foeniculacea (Hooker) Bedd. 1865]I88
*Rumohra adiantiformis (Forst. f.) Ching 1934C49, A61 [=Polypodium adiantiforme Forst. f. 1786A61, Polystichum adiantiforme Smith 1875C49; incl. Aspidium capense Willd. 1810A61, Polypodium capenseB78, Polystichum coriaceum Schott 1834A61, A. coriaceumC06, A. cunninghamianum Colenso 1846A61, A. cunninghamii Colenso 1842A61]
Rumohra aristatum (Forster) Ching 1934A61 [=Polypodium aristatum Forster 1786A61, Aspidium aristatum Swartz 1806A61, Lastrea aristataB78, Polystichum aristatum (Forster) Presl 1836A61]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A61] Allan, H. H. 1961. Flora of New Zealand vol. 1. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Filicopsida, Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones. R. E. Owen, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[B06] Biswas, A. 2006. Pteridophytes of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 175–188.
Brownsey, P. J. 2001. New Zealand’s pteridophyte flora—plants of ancient lineage but recent arrival? Brittonia 53 (2): 284–303.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[C49] Crookes, M. W. 1949. A revised and annotated list of New Zealand Filicinae. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 209–225.
[H03] Heads, M. 2003. Ericaceae in Malesia: vicariance biogeography, terrane tectonics and ecology. Telopea 10 (1): 311–449.
[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.
[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231–339.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1-2): 109–119.
[SP09] Schuettpelz, E., & K. M. Pryer. 2009. Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (27): 11200–11205.
Smith, A. R., K. M. Pryer, E. Schuettpelz, P. Korall, H. Schneider & P. G. Wolf. 2006. A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55 (3): 705–731.