Belongs within: Urochordata.
Contains: Ascidia, Didemnidae, Polyclinidae, Thaliacea.
The Enterogona are a group of tunicates united by features of the larva, in which the atrial cavity develops from paired dorsal invaginations. Within this group, the Aplousobranchiata have a simple branchial sac and are often colonial.
<==Enterogona [Phlebobranchiata]
|--CorellidaeMS24
| |--Dextrogaster Monniot 1962M86
| | `--D. suecica Monniot 1962M86
| |--Corella Alder & Hancock 1870M86
| | |--C. halli Kott 1951M86
| | `--C. parallellogrammaBK77
| `--RhodosomaBS17
| |--R. turcicum (Savigny 1816)BS17
| `--R. verecundumPP64
|--AscidiidaeMS24
| |--Ascidiella aspersa (Mueller 1776)HJ08
| |--Psammascidia Monniot 1962M86
| | `--P. teissieri Monniot 1962M86
| `--AscidiaCGS00
`--+--Ciona [Cionidae]MS24
| |--C. intestinalis (Linnaeus 1767)HJ08
| `--C. savignyiJ-GP07
`--+--DiazonidaeS79
| |--Rhopalaea crassa (Herdman 1880)MG-H11
| `--Diazona violaceaMS24, PP64
`--+--AplousobranchiataS79
| |--DidemnidaeS79
| |--PolyclinidaeMS24
| `--ClavelinaF05 [ClavelinidaeS79]
| |--C. arafurensis Tokioka 1952BS17
| |--C. gemmae Turón 2005F05
| |--C. huntsmaniSBM11
| |--C. lepadiformis (Müller 1776)LB12
| |--C. meridionalis (Herdman 1891)MG-H11
| |--C. moluccensis (Sluiter 1904)BS17
| `--C. robusta Kott 1990BS17
`--ThaliaceaMS24
Enterogona incertae sedis:
HolozoidaeMG-H11
|--Sycozoa seiziwadai Tokioka 1952MG-H11
|--DistapliaBS17
| |--D. mikropnoa (Sluiter 1909)BS17
| `--D. occidentalisSBM11
|--Hypodistoma deerratum (Sluiter 1895)BS17
`--SigillinaBS17
|--S. australis Savigny 1816MG-H11
|--S. cyanea (Herdman 1899)MG-H11
|--S. grandissima Kott 1990MG-H11
`--S. signifera (Sluiter 1909)BS17
PolycitoridaeMG-H11
|--Cystodytes dellachiajei (Della Valle 1877)MG-H11
|--Eucoelium coronarium (Monniot 1988)MG-H11
|--Metrocarpa nigrumPP64
|--Paradistoma cristallinumPP64
|--AmarouciumPP64
| |--A. constellatumB79
| |--A. pellucidumB79
| `--A. profundumPP64
|--EudistomaMG-H11
| |--E. amplum (Sluiter 1909)BS17
| |--E. convocatum Kott 2008MG-H11
| |--E. eboreum Kott 1990MG-H11
| |--E. paesslerioidesPP64
| `--E. planumPP64
`--Polydistoma azorensis Monniot 2003F04
ProtopolyclinidaeMG-H11
|--Pseudodiazona longigona (Tokioka 1959)MG-H11
`--CondominiumMG-H11
|--C. areolatum (Kott 1963)MG-H11
`--C. floreum Kott 2008MG-H11
Pseudodistoma [Pseudodistomidae]MG-H11
`--P. australe Kott 1957MG-H11
PerophoridaeS79
|--PerophoraS79
| |--P. listeriM62
| `--P. modificata Kott 1985BS17
`--EcteinascidiaBS17
|--E. sluiteri Herdman 1906BS17
`--E. turbinata Herdman 1880N02
‘Agnesia’ Michaelsen 1898 non de Koninck 1883 [Agnesiidae]M86
`--A. tenue Monniot & Monniot 1983M86
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.
[BS17] Bryce, C., & A. Sampey. 2017. Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: additional phyla (Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Annelida, Platyhelminthes, Sipuncula, Cnidaria and Chordata). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 84: 345–361.
[B79] Buss, L. W. 1979. Habitat selection, directional growth and spatial refuges: why colonial animals have more hiding places. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 459–497. Academic Press: London.
[CGS00] Cameron, C. B., J. R. Garey & B. J. Swalla. 2000. Evolution of the chordate body plan: new insights from phylogenetic analyses of deuterostome phyla. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 97 (9): 4469–4474.
[F04] Fernández, J. 2004. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (VIII). Graellsia 60 (2): 217–243.
[F05] Fernández, J. 2005. Noticia de nuevos táxones para la ciencia en el ámbito Íbero-Balear y Macaronésico. Nuevos táxones animales descritos en la península Ibérica y Macaronesia desde 1994 (IX). Graellsia 61 (2): 261–282.
[HJ08] Huisman, J. M., D. S. Jones, F. E. Wells & T. Burton. 2008. Introduced marine biota in Western Australian waters. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (1): 1–44.
[J-GP07] Jiménez-Guri, E., H. Philippe, B. Okamura & P. W. H. Holland. 2007. Buddenbrockia is a cnidarian worm. Science 317: 116–118.
[LB12] Luque, Á. A., A. Barrajón, J. M. Remón, D. Moreno & L. Moro. 2012. Marginella glabella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Marginellidae): a new alien species from tropical West Africa established in southern Mediterranean Spain through a new introduction pathway. Marine Biodiversity Records 5: e17.
[MG-H11] McEnnulty, F. R., K. L. Gowlett-Holmes, A. Williams, F. Althaus, J. Fromont, G. C. B. Poore, T. D. O’Hara, L. Marsh, P. Kott, S. Slack-Smith, P. Alderslade & M. V. Kitahara. 2011. The deepwater megabenthic invertebrates on the western continental margin of Australia (100–1100 m depths): composition, distribution and novelty. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 80: 1–191.
[M62] Monniot, F. 1962. Recherches sur les graviers a Amphioxus de la région de Banyuls-sur-Mer. Vie et Milieu 13: 231–322.
[M86] Monniot, F. 1986. Urochordata=Tunicata: les ascidies interstitielles. In: Botosaneanu, L. (ed.) Stygofauna Mundi: A Faunistic, Distributional, and Ecological Synthesis of the World Fauna inhabiting Subterranean Waters (including the Marine Interstitial) pp. 705–708. E. J. Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys: Leiden.
[MS24] Mussini, G., M. P. Smith, J. Vinther, I. A. Rahman, D. J. E. Murdock, D. A. T. Harper & F. S. Dunn. 2024. A new interpretation of Pikaia reveals the origins of the chordate body plan. Current Biology 34 (13): 2980–2989.e2982.
[N02] Newman, L. J. 2002. A new euryleptid flatworm (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida) associated with a colonial ascidian from the Great Barrier Reef. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 48: 169–172.
[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.
[S79] Sabbadin, A. 1979. Colonial structure and genetic patterns in ascidians. In: Larwood, G., & B. R. Rosen (eds) Biology and Systematics of Colonial Organisms pp. 433–444. Academic Press: London.
[SBM11] Solomon, E. P., L. R. Berg & D. W. Martin (eds) 2011. Biology 9th ed. Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.