Belongs within: Jungermanniales.
Frullania is a large genus of liverworts, species of which are often found in relatively dry habitats.
Characters (from Hodgson 1949): Plants small to large, creeping, matted or semi-tufted, red-brown to very dark or blackish, olive or pale green, sometimes tinted rose. Stems regularly to irregularly pinnately or bipinnately branched, branches laterally arising from axils of the leaves. Leaves incubous, alternate, shortly inserted, usually with a ligulate or rounded dorsal appendix, entire, suborbicular, ovate or oval, ventral lobe or lobule helmet-shaped, campanulate, or cylindrical-clavate opening downwards, or narrowed and extended downwards in a curve, on the side further from the stem, the opening ± obliquely facing the stem; sometimes explanate. Stylus sometimes present between the lobule and the stem. Stipules always present, variously shaped with rhizoids only rarely adhering. Cells small to medium, sometimes vittate at base of leaf, walls often sinuous. Involucre leaves larger, lobule always explanate, with or without lateral laciniae, invol. stipule may be connate on both sides with leaves. Perianth free, emergent or exserted, obovate to oblong, tri- or tetragonous (third angle postical), maybe with supplementary keels, margins waved, straight or toothed; inflated, cylindrical, subspherical or ventrally concave, rough or smooth, contracted at the apex to a tubular beak, irregularly ruptured by the exsertion of the capsule. Capsule on a short stalk, elaters unispiral, adhering to the capsule valves after dehiscence. Male inflorescence lateral, globose to oblong, bracts saccate, closely imbricate, subequally bilobed.
<==Frullania Raddi 1820 [Frullaniaceae]H49 |--F. subg. DiastolobaH49 | |--F. sect. GracilesH49 | | |--F. congestaH49 | | `--F. rostrata (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 (see below for synonymy)H49 | |--F. (sect. Lucidae) ptychantha [=Jungermannia ptychantha; incl. J. myosota Tayl. 1844]H49 | `--F. (sect. Pictae) aterrima (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 [=Jungermannia aterrima Tayl. 1844]H49 | |--F. a. var. aterrimaH49 | `--F. a. var. lepida Hodgson 1949H49 `--F. subg. Trachycolea Spruce 1885 [incl. F. subg. Galeiloba Steph. 1910]H49 |--F. sect. AcutilobaeH49 | |--F. acutilobaH49 | |--F. allani Hodgson 1949H49 | |--F. hampeana [incl. F. novae-zelandiae]H49 | |--F. monoceraH49 | |--F. spinifera Tayl. 1846H49 | `--F. subhampeana Hodgson 1949H49 |--F. sect. BrevilobulaeH49 | |--F. cranialis [=Jungermannia cranialis Tayl. 1845; incl. F. macraeana]H49 | |--F. pentapleura Tayl. 1846 [incl. F. quinqueplicata St. 1910]H49 | | |--F. p. var. pentapleuraH49 | | `--F. p. var. integristipulaH49 | |--F. reptansH49 | `--F. solanderiana Colenso 1888 [incl. F. decurviloba St. 1910]H49 |--F. sect. CampanulataeH49 | |--F. anomola Hodgson 1949H49 | |--F. fugax (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 [=Jungermannia fugax Tayl. 1845]H49 | | |--F. f. var. fugaxH49 | | `--F. f. var. media Hodgson 1949H49 | `--F. incumbensH49 |--F. sect. DiscilobaeH49 | |--F. kirkii St. 1894H49 | |--F. patulaH49 | `--F. subdeplanata St. 1910H49 |--F. (sect. Irregulares) deplanata Mitt. 1855 [incl. F. curnowiii, F. grayana]H49 `--F. sect. VulgaresH49 |--F. falciloba (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844 (see below for synonymy)H49 | |--F. f. var. falcilobaH49 | `--F. f. var. setchellii (Pears.) Hodgson 1949H49 |--F. nicholsonii Hodgson 1949 [=F. berggrenii Nichols. 1925 non St. 1924]H49 |--F. pycnantha (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 (see below for synonymy)H49 |--F. rostellata Mitt. 1867H49 |--F. squarrosaH49 | |--F. s. var. squarrosaH49 | `--F. s. var. planescensH49 | |--F. s. var. p. f. planescensH49 | `--F. s. var. p. f. campanuloidesH49 `--F. squarrosula (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 (see below for synonymy)H49 Frullania incertae sedis: F. amplexicaulis Colenso 1886H49 F. arecaeG06 F. atrosanguineaJ87 F. berggrenii St. 1924H49 F. boveana Massal. 1885E03 F. chilensisD03 F. curvirostris Colenso 1888H49 F. dilatataH49 F. diplotaE03 F. duthianaG06 F. ericoidesJ87 F. fertilisE03 F. gaudichaudiiG06 F. gracilisH49 F. hattorianthaG06 F. hypoleucaH49 F. inflataSS07 |--F. i. var. inflataSS07 `--F. i. var. diocaSS07 F. intermixta Colenso 1888H49 F. lobulataD03 F. lyalliiM49 F. magellanicaH49 F. nepalensisG06 F. neurotaG06 F. physanthaG06 F. platyphylla Colenso 1888H49 F. polyclada Colenso 1888H49 F. retusaG06 F. scabriseta Colenso 1886H49 F. schensianaG06 F. sharpanthaG06 F. stipatilobaD03 F. tamarisciSF01 F. tongariroense Colenso 1888H49
Frullania falciloba (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844 [=Frullania falciloba Tayl. 1844; incl. F. colensoana St. 1910, F. delicatula Colenso 1886, F. falcata, F. minutissima Colenso 1886]H49
Frullania pycnantha (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 [=Jungermannia pycnantha Tayl. 1844; incl. F. banksiana, F. diffusa, F. echinella, F. laciniaeflora]H49
Frullania rostrata (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 [=Jungermannia rostrata Tayl. 1845; incl. F. dissitifolia St. 1910]H49
Frullania squarrosula (Tayl.) Syn. Hep. 1844-1847 [=Jungermannia squarrosula Tayl. 1845; incl. F. cunninghamiana, F. ichthyostoma, F. pulvinata, F. rotundifolia, F. viridis]H49
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[D03] Dusén, P. 1903. The vegetation of western Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 1–34. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).
[E03] Evans, A. W. 1903. Hepaticae collected in southern Patagonia. In: Scott, W. B. (ed.) Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896–1899 vol. 8. Botany pp. 35–62. The University: Princeton (New Jersey).
[G06] Ghosh, J. P. 2006. A preliminary check-list of hepatics of West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 48: 73–102.
[H49] Hodgson, E. A. 1949. New Zealand Hepaticae (liverworts). VI. A review of the New Zealand species of the genus Frullania. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (3): 361–389.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[M49] Martin, W. 1949. The bryophytes of Stewart Island.—Part I. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand 77 (2): 257–277.
[SS07] Singh, S. K., & D. K. Singh. 2007. A preliminary census of Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of Doon Valley. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 1–14.
[SF01] Stech, M., & W. Frey. 2001. CpDNA-relationship and classification of the liverworts (Hepaticophytina, Bryophyta). Nova Hedwigia 72 (1–2): 45–58.