Belongs within: Mecopterida.
Contains: Selidosemidae, Trifidae, Eolepidopterigoidea, Micropterigidae, Glossata.
The Lepidoptera are the moths and butterflies, one of the most familiar groups of insects. The name ‘Lepidoptera’ means ‘scaly wings’, referring to the most distinctive feature of the group, an extensive covering of scales on the wings and body. In basal forms, these scales are solid structures with longitudinal ridges (Nielsen & Common 1991). Living lepidopterans are also characterised by the absence of a median ocellus and extensive desclerotisation of the first abdominal tergum (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). A leaf- or spur-like, basally articulated epiphysis is commonly present on the inner side of the fore tibia and is used to clean the antennae and mouthparts (Nielsen & Common 1991). Larvae exhibit a clear division into head, thorax and ten-segmented abdomen, and often possess a series of leg-like appendages (prolegs) on the abdomen in addition to the true legs on the thorax (Nielsen & Common 1991).
Most living lepidopterans have the mouthparts modified into a proboscis (the clade Glossata) but some basal taxa, the Micropterigidae and Heterobathmia pseueriocrania, retain functional mandibles and feed on pollen as adults. Members of the genus Agathiphaga have mandibles that are large but non-functional (Kozlov et al. 2019). Their larvae bore within the seeds of Agathis kauris in the south-west Pacific region. Two living species of Agathiphaga are known with A. queenslandensis found in eastern Queensland and A. vitiensis in the south-west Pacific (Nielsen & Common 1991). Heterobathmia pseueriocrania, found in southern South America, develops as a leaf miner in Nothofagus. Heterobathmia is positioned as the sister taxon to Glossata by molecular data (Kawahara et al. 2019).
The earliest known fossil lepidopteran, Archaeolepis mane, is represented by three wings from the Early Jurassic of Dorset in England; it differs from more derived lepidopterans in having only two branches to the M vein (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The earliest Lepidoptera with three M branches are known from the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) of Germany, including genera such Pseudorthophlebia and Nannotrichopteron (Kozlov et al. 2002). A number of basal genera are known from the Late Jurassic of Karatau in Kazakhstan including Karataunia, Protolepis and Auliepterix (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). These specimens have been suggested as possible early Glossata but the position remains contentious. A short, curled proboscis is supposedly preserved for Protolepis cuprealata though its small size makes interpretation difficult. Karataunia lapidaria and Auliepterix are based on wing features only.
Synapomorphies (Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Wings with dense covering of scales on veins and membrane; (except Archaeolepis) wings with M veins having three branches; (crown Lepidoptera, i.e. Micropterigidae to Glossata) fore tibia with one or no apical spur, median ocellus absent, tergum one extensively desclerotised, cerci absent, fore tibia with articulated epiphysis on inner surface.
<==Lepidoptera [Heterocera, Homoneura, Laciniata, Microlepidoptera, Papilionida, Phalaenites]
|--Archaeolepis [Archaeolepidae]GE05
| `--A. mane Whalley 1985K88
`--+--Karataunia lapidariaGE05, KIR02
|--Protolepis cuprealataGE05
|--EolepidopterigoideaKIR02
|--AuliepterixGE05
| |--A. minimaGE05
| `--A. mirabilis Kozlov 1989RJ93
`--+--+--MicropterigidaeKH15
| `--AgathiphagaWRM02 [AgathiphagidaeKH15, Agathiphagina, Agathiphagoidea, Aglossata]
| |--A. queenslandensisWRM02
| `--A. vitiensisNC91
`--AngiospermivoraKP19
|--GlossataNC91
`--HeterobathmiaWRM02 [HeterobathmiidaeNC91, Heterobathmiina, Heterobathmioidea]
|--H. pseueriocraniaWRM02
`--H. valviferK99
Lepidoptera incertae sedis:
PseudorthophlebiaKIR02
NannotrichopteronKIR02
PararchitauliusKIR02
Parataulius Handlirsch 1939NK11
Archiptilia Handlirsch 1939NK11
LiadoptiliaKIR02
MetarchitauliusKIR02
Epididontus Handlirsch 1939NK11
Vogtia malloiC74
LaspeyresiaFM80
|--L. cosmopharanaF92
|--L. pomonellaFM80
|--L. servillanaF92
`--L. splendanaF37
Oporabia autumnataD37
Fabriciana nerippe (Felder & Felder 1862)Iw92
Cymatophoropsis trimaculata (Bremer 1861)Iw92
HedyleptaH91
|--H. diemenalisB88
|--H. euryproraH91
|--H. fullawayiH91
|--H. meyrickiH91
`--H. musicolaH91
Cosmosoma myrodoraT01
Erebida butleriO81
SelidosemidaeP27
Epirrhanthis [Orthostixidae]T27
`--E. alectorariaL27
AsaphodesL27
|--A. megaspilataL27
`--A. paroraL27
Rhapsa scotosialisL27
Elvia glaucataL27
VenusiaL27
|--V. undosataL27
`--V. verriculataL27
Sestra humerariaL27
AnisoplacaL27
|--A. achyrotaL27
`--A. ptyopteraL27
Crypsitricha mesotypaL27
Adelomorpha Snellen 1885BR05
‘Alaria’ Duncan 1841 non Schrank 1788BR05
Pseudosetia Boisduval 1874BR05
Icaricia icarioidesUSDI77
|--I. i. icarioidesUSDI77
`--I. i. missionensisUSDI77
Setella Schrank 1902B26
‘Panthera’ Hübner 1823 non Oken 1816C57
Phrissogonus denotatusL27
Hemicyoleca australasicaB88
Lycena sephirus Frivaldszky 1835B08
Uxia Walker 1866PH90
‘Helina’ Guénée 1849 non Robineau-Desvoidy 1830E12
ArgyrolepiaL49
|--A. loriculana Guénée 1849E12
|--A. schreibersianaL49
`--A. zephyranaL49
StilpnotiaF62
|--S. ochropodaF92
`--S. salicisF62
‘Zarax’ Fruhstorfer 1914 non Pascoe 1867KA-Z11
Batocnema coquereliIm92
Neoleucinodes torvis Clapps 1948S69
Lativalva Amsel 1956L03
Anatrachyntis terminellaHAA07
Caulobius Duponchel 1838HW92
Cacochroa Heinemann 1870CW92
LaphygmaCS77
|--L. exemptaCS77
`--L. exiguaF92
Themiscyra laetiferaM86a
Pallene elegans Butl. 1877M86a
Oistophora [Conchylididae]M86b
`--O. mediella [=Enopa mediella; incl. O. ptterocosmana Meyr. 1881]M86b
Chrosis Guenée 1845Ca96
Patricia Fox 1940Ca96
Thysonotis hymetusN70
Charaeas graminisF92
Collix sparsataF92
SemasiaF92
|--S. dinianaF92
|--S. profundanaF92
|--S. rufimitranaF92
`--S. ustomaculanaF92
Eratria fascianaF92
PsecadiaF92
|--P. bipunctellaF92
`--P. decemgutellaF92
Minoa murinataF92
Naxa sericataF92
Chalioides kondonsisF92
Eurobracon yokohamaeF92
Earia pudicanaF92
Rondotia mencianaF92
Dictroploca japonicaF92
Cocytodes coeruleaF92
Algedonia coelesalisF92
Dicrenura lanigeraF92
CosmotricheF92
|--C. monotonaF92
`--C. potatoriaF92
Macrothylaeia rubiF92
PantanaW59
|--P. amplaW59
|--P. bicolorW59
|--P. disparW59
`--P. phyllostachysaeF92
Ascotis selenariaF92
Spaelotis praecosF92
Gynacphora alpherakiiF92
Diatsara saccharalisF92
HiberniaF92
|--H. leucophaeariaF92
`--H. marginariaF92
Adris tyrannusF92
Andraea bipunctataF92
Trabana vishnuF92
Cocytredes caeruleaF92
Phalenia roseanaF92
PeroneaF92
|--P. hastianaF92
`--P. maccanaF92
Halias prasinana [=Hylophila prasinana]F92
Scolipteryx libatrixF92
TapinostolaF92
|--T. elymiF92
|--T. inquinata [incl. T. orientalis]WD13c
`--T. varianaWD13c
Helotropha leucostigmaF92
|--H. l. leucostigmaF92
`--H. l. laevisF92
Adopaea lineolaF92
NotolophusCh96
|--N. antiquusF92
`--N. australisCh96
|--N. a. australisCh96
`--N. a. posticusCh96
Evius Walker 1855GT03
`--*E. hippius (Stoll 1790) [=Phalaena hippia]GT03
Metasarca Hampson 1925K18
Menis ithrites Druce 1901D01
TrifidaeS01
EstigmeneRA96
|--E. acreaRA96
`--E. primaW12b
Zaphodiopsis hyanellaR13
CarpocapsaR13
|--C. funebranaR13
`--C. saltitansR13
Schistodepressaria nervosaR13
Bumia crataegiR13
Adolias adoniaR13
Pronuba yuccasellaR13
Retina resinellaR13
Leuconia extraneaR13
Hybernia defoliariaR13
Amuria Staudinger 1887T41
Conopia scoliaeformisRD77
Telea polyphemusRD77
LyciaRD77
|--L. cognatariaT13
`--L. zonariaRD77
Collosamia promethiaM00
Brachyglene [Melameridae]D00
|--B. grandis Druce 1900D00
`--B. superbaD00
Leptarctia Strech 1871–1873F90
`--L. californiae (Walker 1855) (see below for synonymy)F90
Enosis Mabille 1889M89a
|--E. atrata Mabille 1889M89a
|--E. dognini Mabille 1889M89a
|--E. quadrinotata Mabille 1889M89a
`--E. simplex Mabille 1889M89a
CoryciaC90
|--C. bimaculataC90
`--C. temerataC90
ClisiocampeL89
|--C. americanaR13
|--C. neustriaL89
`--C. thoracicaG05
Sericaria moriF89
Venilia Rafinesque 1815O89, BR05
`--V. maculataO89
Sarothroceras Mabille 1889M89b
`--*S. alluaudi Mabille 1889M89b
NemotoisR89
|--N. demaisoni Ragonot 1889R89
|--N. prodigellusR89
`--N. splendidusR89
AmphysaR90
|--A. gaditana Ragonot 1889R90
|--A. rhombicanaR90
`--A. seeboldianaR90
Cleogene peletierariaOO90
Rhodaria pudicalisOO90
Neosatyrus boisduvalii (Blanch. 1852) (see below for synonymy)B90
Tetracis chilenaria (Blanch. 1852–1854) (see below for synonymy)B90
Carsia Hb. 1816 [incl. Anaites Dup. 1829]B90
`--C. uniformata Berg 1877 [incl. Synneuria virgellata]B90
Salamis dupreiO90
Eriboea pyrrhusJG19
Neossiosynoeca scatophagaC38
Xylopoda nemorana [incl. Choreutes incisalis]L49
Xanthosetia peramplana [incl. Tortrix amplana, X. chrysitana]L49
AgrotiphilaWD12
|--A. incognitaWD12
`--A. maculataWD12
Hadenella pergentilisBM12a
AmolitaBM12b
|--A. delicata Barnes & McDunnough 1912BM12b
|--A. fratercula Barnes & McDunnough 1912BM12b
`--A. roseolaBM12b
Reddingtonia Barnes & McDunnough 1912BM12b
`--*R. alba Barnes & McDunnough 1912BM12b
Thanaos persiusW12a
Rhynchagrotis rufipectusW12a
Neolexia xylinaW12a
RheumapteraW12a
|--R. hastataW12a
|--R. luctuataW12a
`--R. sociataW12a
Eufidonia notatariaW12a
Gladela juliaW12a
Sicya maculariaW12a
Metrocampa perlataW12a
Epelis truncatariaW13
ScotogrammaWD13a
|--S. concinnaWD13a
|--S. infuscataWD13a
|--S. perplexaWD13a
|--S. phoca [incl. S. luteola]WD13a
|--S. promulsaWD13a
`--S. uniformisWD13a
HimellaWD13b
|--H. conarWD13b
`--H. infidelis [incl. H. contrahens, H. quadristigma, H. thecata]WD13b
XylinaWD13b
|--X. amandaWD13b
|--X. antennataWD13b
|--X. faginaWD13b
|--X. georgii [incl. X. ancilla, X. emarginata, X. fletcheri, X. holocinerea, X. oregonensis, X. vertina]WD13b
|--X. petulcaWD13b
`--X. torridaWD13b
HydroeciaWD13c
|--H. micaceaF92
|--H. nictitans [incl. H. americana, H. atlantica, H. interoceanica, H. pacifica]WD13c
`--H. pallescensWD13c
Grapta j-albumV13
Lasaia agesilasBM13
|--L. a. agesilasBM13
`--L. a. narses Staudinger 1888BM13
Xenophanes tryxus [=Papilio tryxus]BM13
Homogloea hircinaWD13d
Dasyspoudaea meadiiWD13d
HeliacaWD13d
|--H. diminutivaWD13d
`--H. nexilis [incl. H. nexilis var. elaborata]WD13d
PolychrisiaWD13d
|--P. purpurigeraWD13d
`--P. trabeaWD13d
Therasea angustipennis [incl. T. flavicosta]WD13e
TarachidiaWD13e
|--T. fasciatellaWD13e
`--T. tortricina [incl. T. deleta, T. inorata, T. modesta, T. obsoleta]WD13e
Melicliptera septentrionalisWD13f
Philometra metonalis [incl. P. gaosalis]WD13f
MesosesKS99
|--M. magnaKS99
`--M. optataKS99
Anagosta kuehniella [=Ephestia kuehniella]PB02
MesokristenseniidaeNK11
Xena Martins-Neto 1999NK11
Psephis Guenée 1854J-B13
‘Eristalis’ lapideus Scudder 1877K88
Lygniodes [Phyllodidae]W59
`--L. endoleucaW59
Margarodes amphitritalisW59
Neurina procopialis [=Phalaena (Pyralis) procopia]W59
EuprepiaD23
|--E. bellaD23
|--E. ornatrixD23
`--E. venusta Dalman 1823D23
Leptarctia californiae (Walker 1855) [=Nemeophila californiae; incl. Lithosia adnata Boisduval 1868, Leptarctia californiae var. albifascia French 1890, Le. californiae var. boisduvalii, Lithosia decia Boisduval 1868, Le. californiae var. decia, Le. dimidiata Strech 1871–1873, Le. californiae var. dimidiata, Le. californiae var. fulvofasciata, Le. californiae var. latifasciata, Lithosia lena Boisduval 1868, Le. californiae var. lena, Le. californiae var. occidentalis French 1890, Le. californiae var. stretchii, Le. californiae var. wrightii French 1890]F90
Neosatyrus boisduvalii (Blanch. 1852) [=Erebia boisduvalii, Hipparchia boisduvalii; incl. Neosatyrus hahni Mab. 1884–1888, Homoeonympha pusilla Feld. 1867]B90
Tetracis chilenaria (Blanch. 1852–1854) [=Ennomus chilenaria; incl. T. chilenaria var. continua Butl. 1882, T. chilenaria var. definita Butl. 1882, Eunomus hyadesi Mab. 1885–1888]B90
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B08] Bálint, Z. 2008. Lepidoptera collections of historical importance in the Hungarian Natural History Museum. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 100: 17–35.
[BM12a] Barnes, W., & J. McDunnough. 1912a. New species and genera of North American Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 44 (2): 52–57.
[BM12b] Barnes, W., & J. McDunnough. 1912b. New species and genera of North American Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 44 (3): 90–93.
[BM13] Barnes, W., & J. McDunnough. 1913. Species of Lepidoptera new to our fauna, with synonymical notes. Canadian Entomologist 45 (6): 182–185.
[B90] Berg, C. 1890. Observations suivantes. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: ccxl–ccxli.
[B26] Bigelow, H. B. 1926. Plankton of the offshore waters of the Gulf of Maine. Bulletin of the Bureau of Fisheries 40 (2): 1–509.
[B88] Bouček, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera): A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[BR05] Bouchet, P., & J.-P. Rocroi. 2005. Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia 47 (1–2): 1–397.
[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.
[Ca96] Calder, A. A. 1996. Click beetles: genera of the Australian Elateridae (Coleoptera). CSIRO Australia: Collingwood.
[CW92] Cassis, G., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Cetoniinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 426–454. AGPS Press: Canberra.
[C38] Cayley, N. W. 1938. Australian Parrots: Their Habits in the Field and Aviary. Angus & Robertson Limited.
[Ch96] Chow, Y. S. 1996. Biology and life stages of Charletonia taiwanensis Tsai and Chow (Erythraeidae) in Taiwan. In: Mitchell, R., D. J. Horn, G. R. Needham & W. C. Welbourn (eds) Acarology IX vol. 1. Proceedings pp. 359–361. Ohio Biological Survey: Columbus (Ohio).
[C90] Clement, A.-L. 1890. Notice nécrologique sur Jules Delahaye. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: 501–504.
[CS77] Cramp, S., & K. E. L. Simmons (eds) 1977. Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palaearctic vol. 1. Ostrich to Ducks. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
[C74] Crowder, J. P. 1974. Exotic Plant Pests of South Florida. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife (USA).
[D23] Dalman, J. W. 1823. Analecta Entomologica. Typis Lindhianis: Holmiae.
[D37] Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press: New York.
[D00] Druce, H. 1900. Descriptions of some new genera and species of Heterocera from tropical South America. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 507–527.
[D01] Druce, H. 1901. Descriptions of some new species of Heterocera. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 74–79.
[E12] Evenhuis, N. L. 2012. Publication and dating of the Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie: Histoire Naturelle des Animaux Articulés (1846–1849) by Pierre Hippolyte Lucas. Zootaxa 3448: 1–61.
[F89] Fallou, J. 1889. Une note sur une espèce de bombycide, le Lasiocampa otus, dont il montre le papillon, la chenille et le cocon. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: lvii–lviii.
[F92] Fan Z. 1992. Key to the Common Flies of China 2nd ed. Science Press: Beijing.
[F62] Flanders, S. E. 1962. Did the caterpillar exterminate the giant reptile? Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 1 (1): 85–88.
[F37] Fracker, S. B. 1937. Technique of large-scale operations in pest control. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 39 (3): 41–58.
[F90] French, G. H. 1890. Notice sur le genre Leptarctia Stretch. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: 493–498.
[FM80] Futuyma, D. J., & G. C. Mayer. 1980. Non-allopatric speciation in animals. Systematic Zoology 29 (3): 254–271.
[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
[G05] Grissell, E. E. 2005. A review of North American species of Microdontomerus Crawford (Torymidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 14 (1): 22–65.
[GT03] Guinot, D., & M. Tavares. 2003. A new subfamilial arrangement for the Dromiidae de Haan, 1833, with diagnoses and descriptions of new genera and species (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura). Zoosystema 25 (1): 43–129.
[HAA07] Harvey, M. S., A. D. Austin & M. Adams. 2007. The systematics and biology of the spider genus Nephila (Araneae: Nephilidae) in the Australasian region. Invertebrate Systematics 21: 407–451.
[HW92] Houston, W. W. K., & T. A. Weir. 1992. Melolonthinae. In: Houston, W. W. K. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia vol. 9. Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea pp. 174–358. AGPS Press: Canberra.
[H91] Howarth, F. G. 1991. Environmental impacts of classical biological control. Annual Review of Entomology 36: 485–509.
[Im92] Imes, R. 1992. The Practical Entomologist. Aurum Press: London.
[Iw92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.
[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.
[J-B13] Jukes-Browne, A. J. 1913. On the shells known as Gemma, Parastarte, and Psephidia. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 473–480.
[KP19] Kawahara, A. Y., D. Plotkin, M. Espeland, K. Meusemann, E. F. A. Toussaint, A. Donath, F. Gimnich, P. B. Frandsen, A. Zwick, M. dos Reis, J. R. Barber, R. S. Peters, S. Liu, X. Zhou, C. Mayer, L. Podsiadlowski, C. Storer, J. E. Yack, B. Misof & J. W. Breinholt. 2019. Phylogenomics reveals the evolutionary timing and pattern of butterflies and moths. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 116 (45): 22657–22663.
[K88] Kozlov, M. V. 1988. Paleontologiâ češuekrylyh i voprosy filogenii otrâda Papilionida. In : Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) Melovoj Biocenotičeskij Krizis i Èvolûciâ Nasekomyh pp. 16–69. Akademiâ Nauk SSSR: Moscow.
[KIR02] Kozlov, M. V., V. D. Ivanov & A. P. Rasnitsyn. 2002. Order Lepidoptera Linné, 1758. The butterflies and moths (=Papilionida Laicharting, 1781). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 220–227. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[K99] Kristensen, N. P. 1999. The non-glossatan moths. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta pt 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography pp. 41–49. Walter de Gruyter.
[KH15] Kristensen, N. P., D. J. Hilton, A. Kallies, L. Milla, J. Rota, N. Wahlberg, S. A. Wilcox, R. V. Glatz, D. A. Young, G. Cocking, T. Edwards, G. W. Gibbs & M. Halsey. 2015. A new extant family of primitive moths from Kangaroo Island, Australia, and its significance for understanding early Lepidoptera evolution. Systematic Entomology 40: 5–16.
[KS99] Kristensen, N. P., & A. W. Skalski. 1999. Phylogeny and palaeontology. In: Kristensen, N. P. (ed.). Handbuch der Zoologie vol. 4. Arthropoda: Insecta pt 35. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies vol. 1. Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography pp. 7–25. Walter de Gruyter.
[K18] Kury, A. B. 2018. Familial nomina in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Bionomina 13: 1–27.
[KA-Z11] Kury, A. B., & M. A. Alonso-Zarazaga. 2011. Addenda and corrigenda to the “Annotated catalogue of the Laniatores of the New World (Arachnida, Opiliones)”. Zootaxa 3034: 47–68.
[L03] Lienhard, C. 2003. Nomenclatural amendments concerning Chinese Psocoptera (Insecta), with remarks on species richness. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 110 (4): 695–721.
[L27] Lindsay, S. 1927. A list of the Lepidoptera of Deans Bush, Riccarton, Canterbury. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 693–696.
[L49] Lucas, H. 1849. Exploration Scientifique de l’Algérie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842 publiée par ordre du gouvernement et avec le concours d’une commission académique. Sciences physiques. Zoologie. II. Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. Troisième partie. Insectes (suite). Imprimerie Nationale: Paris.
[L89] Lucas, H. 1889. Clisiocampa neustria. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: lvi.
[M89a] Mabille, P. 1889a. Un genre nouveau de lépidoptères. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: ix–x.
[M89b] Mabille, P. 1889b. Un lépidopère hétérocère d’Afrique remarquable par sa taille et ses couleurs. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: xcix–c.
[M00] Mayer, A. G. 1900. On the mating instinct in moths. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 5: 183–190.
[M86a] Meyrick, E. 1886a. Revision of Australian Lepidoptera. I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 687–802.
[M86b] Meyrick, E. 1886b. Notes on synonymy of Australian micro-Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (3): 803–806.
[NC91] Nielsen, E. S., & I. F. B. Common. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers 2nd ed. vol. 2 pp. 817–915. Melbourne University Press: Carlton (Victoria).
[NK11] Nieukerken, E. J. van, L. Kaila, I. J. Kitching, N. P. Kristensen, D. C. Lees, J. Minet, C. Mitter, M. Mutanen, J. C. Regier, T. J. Simonsen, N. Wahlberg, S.-H. Yen, R. Zahiri, D. Adamski, J. Baixeras, D. Bartsch, B. Å. Bengtsson, J. W. Brown, S. R. Bucheli, D. R. Davis, J. De Prins, W. De Prins, M. E. Epstein, P. Gentili-Poole, C. Gielis, P. Hättenschwiler, A. Hausmann, J. D. Holloway, A. Kallies, O. Karsholt, A. Y. Kawahara, S. Koster, M. V. Kozlov, J. D. Lafontaine, G. Lamas, J.-F. Landry, S. Lee, M. Nuss, K.-T. Park, C. Penz, J. Rota, A. Schintlmeister, B. C. Schmidt, J.-C. Sohn, M. A. Solis, G. M. Tarmann, A. D. Warren, S. Weller, R. V. Yakovlev, V. V. Zolotuhin & A. Zwick. 2011. Order Lepidoptera Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (ed.) Animal Biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness. Zootaxa 3148: 212–221.
[N70] Norris, K. R. 1970. General biology. In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers pp. 107–140. Melbourne University Press.
[O89] Oberthür, C. 1889. Une note sur des anomalies observées chez des lépidoptères anglais (2e partie). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: lxxxiii–lxxxiv.
[O90] Oberthür, C. 1890. Note suivante. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: ccxli–ccxlii.
[OO90] Oberthür, C., & R. Oberthür. 1890. Lépidoptères dans les Pyrénées-Orientales. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: cc–cciii.
[O81] O’Brien, C. O. 1981. A. A. Book of New Zealand Wildlife: A guide to the native and introduced animals of New Zealand. Lansdowne Press: Auckland.
[PB02] Perkins, F. O., J. R. Barta, R. E. Clopton, M. A. Peirce & S. J. Upton. 2002. Phylum Apicomplexa Levine, 1970. In: Lee, J. J., G. F. Leedale & P. Bradbury (eds) An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa: Organisms traditionally referred to as Protozoa, or newly discovered groups 2nd ed. vol. 1 pp. 190–369. Society of Protozoologists: Lawrence (Kansas).
[PH90] Petit, R. E., & M. G. Harasewych. 1990. Catalogue of the superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes and Hanley, 1851 (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Nautilus 103 (Suppl. 1): 1–69.
[P27] Philpott, A. 1927. New Zealand Lepidoptera: Notes and descriptions. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 703–709.
[R89] Ragonot, E.-L. 1889. Descriptions qui suivent de diverses espèces nouvelles de microlépidoptères de France et d’Algérie. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: cv–cvii.
[R90] Ragonot, E.-L. 1890. Description de deux nouvelles espèces de microlépidoptères trouvés en Espagne. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6e série 9: cxxx–cxxxi.
[RA96] Reitz, S. R., & P. H. Adler. 1996. Biology and larval taxonomy of Eucelatoria bryani Sabrosky and E. rubentis (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tachinidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (4): 625–629.
[R13] Reuter, O. M. 1913. Lebensgewohnheiten und Instinkte der Insekten bis zum Erwachen der sozialen Instinkte. R. Friedländer & Sohn: Berlin.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.
[S69] Steyskal, G. C. 1969. The mistreatment of the Latin genitive case in forming names of parasites. Systematic Zoology 18 (3): 339–342.
[S01] Swinhoe, C. 1901. New genera and species of eastern and Australian moths (continued). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 489–501.
[T27] Thomson, G. M. 1927. The pollination of New Zealand flowers by birds and insects. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 57: 106–125.
[T41] Tinkham, E. R. 1941. Zoogeographical notes on the genus Atlanticus with keys and descriptions of seven new Chinese species. Notes d’Entomologie Chinoise 8 (5): 189–243.
[T13] Tothill, J. D. 1913. Tachinidae and some Canadian hosts. Canadian Entomologist 45 (3): 69–75.
[T01] Tromans, A. 2001. The alkaloid defence. Nature 409: 28.
[USDI77] United States Department of the Interior. 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.
[V13] Venables, E. P. 1913. A note on Grapta j-album. Canadian Entomologist 45 (5): 157.
[W59] Walker, F. 1859. Catalogue of the heterocerous Lepidoptera collected at Singapore by Mr. A. R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London: Zoology 3: 183–196.
[WRM02] Wiegmann, B. M., J. C. Regier & C. Mitter. 2002. Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages. Zoologica Scripta 31 (1): 67–81.
[W12a] Winn, A. F. 1912a. Lepidoptera from Yukon Territory. Canadian Entomologist 44 (7): 213–216.
[W12b] Winn, A. F. 1912b. Notes on the life history of Estigmene prima Slosson. Canadian Entomologist 44 (7): 221–223.
[W13] Winn, A. F. 1913. Newfoundland Lepidoptera. Canadian Entomologist 45 (1): 24.
[WD12] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1912. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 44 (2): 33–39.
[WD13a] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913a. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera, with description of a new species (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (2): 29–34.
[WD13b] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913b. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera, with description of a new species (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (3): 61–68.
[WD13c] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913c. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (4): 93–98.
[WD13d] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913d. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (6): 186–192.
[WD13e] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913e. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (7): 236–244.
[WD13f] Wolley Dod, F. H. 1913f. Further notes on Alberta Lepidoptera (continued). Canadian Entomologist 45 (9): 296–302.
Well this does not make any sense, or at least I fail to understand or see the point of it. The classification is truncated and ridiculously incomplete, and the "incertae sedis" taxa listed are not incertae sedis at all, at least in glance many of them have a pretty clear taxonomic status. Maybe I just don't get what is being presented here.
That's because it's not done yet (it's barely started). And you're right, most of what I've chucked into 'incertae sedis' is not really so; I've just put them there as indications to myself that I need to find their true position.