Primates

Belongs within: Euarchonta.
Contains: Tarsiiformes, Anthropoidea, Adapiformes, Lorisiformes, Lemuriformes.

The Primates are a group of relatively generalised mammals characterised by an enlarged brain, a post-orbital bar in the skull, relatively convergent orbits, and nails on at least some of the digits (Groves 1991). They may be divided between the Haplorhini, containing the tarsiers and monkeys, and the Strepsirrhini, including lemurs and lorises.

<==Primates [Euprimates, Pachylemuridae, Prosimii, Simiilemuriformes]
    |--Haplorhini [Omomyiformes]NG13
    |    |  i. s.: CopelemurG91
    |    |         KohatiusG91
    |    |--TarsiiformesNG13
    |    `--AnthropoideaNG13
    `--StrepsirrhiniNG13
         |  i. s.: PetrolemuridaeG91
         |           |--PetrolemurG91
         |           `--LushiusG91
         |         AzibiidaeR06
         |           |--AzibiusG91
         |           |--Dralestes Tabuce et al. 2004R06
         |           `--Algeripithecus minutusSS10, SS05
         |         Panobius russelliSP09
         |--+--+--Asiadapis cambayensisNG13
         |  |  `--Marcgodinotius indicusSP09, NG13
         |  `--Donrussellia Szalay 1976NG13, SM93
         |       |--D. gallicaNG13
         |       `--D. magnaNW03
         `--+--‘Donrussellia’ provincialisNG13
            `--+--AdapiformesNG13
               `--+--+--OmanodonMW01
                  |  `--AnchomomyinaeG91
                  |       |--Fendantia Schwartz & Tattersall 1983G91
                  |       |--HuerzelerisG91
                  |       `--Anchomomys Stehlin 1916SP09, S62
                  |            |--A. gaillardi Stehlin 1916S62
                  |            |--A. latidens Teilhard 1916S62
                  |            |--A. pygmaeus (Rütimeyer 1891)S62
                  |            `--A. quercyi Stehlin 1916S62
                  `--+--‘Anchomomys’ milleriSP09
                     `--+--Djebelemur martinezi Hartenberger & Marandat 1992SP09, GH99
                        `--+--Pronycticebus Grandidier 1904NG13, S62
                           |    `--P. gaudryi Grandidier 1904S62
                           `--+--LorisiformesNG13
                              `--+--LemuriformesNG13
                                 `--Karanisia Seiffert, Simons & Attia 2003SP09, JB10
                                      |--*K. clarki Seiffert, Simons & Attia 2003SSA03
                                      `--K. arenula Jaeger, Beard et al. 2010JB10

Primates incertae sedis:
  Simia Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. abeliiB41
    |--S. aethiops Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. apedia Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. aygula Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. cephus Linnaeus 1748L58
    |--S. cynamolgos Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. diana Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. entellus Dufresne 1797D97
    |--S. faunus Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. hamadryas Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. inuusT99
    |--S. macacusT99
    |--S. maimonT99
    |--S. morioO41
    |--S. mormonG97
    |--S. morta Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. nemeusD97
    |--S. satyrus Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. silenus Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. sphinx Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. sylvanus Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. syrichta Linnaeus 1758L58
    |--S. troglodytesT99
    `--S. wurmbiiO41
  Mytonius Robinson 1968W96
    |--M. hopsoniP96
    `--M. travisi (Mason 1990) [=Yaquius travisi]W96
  Stenops gracilisT99
  Otolicnus crassicaudatusT99
  Troglodytes nigerF41
  Nosmips Seiffert, Simons et al. 2010SS10
    `--*N. aenigmaticus Seiffert, Simons et al. 2010SS10
  Anthropopithecus nigerDSW13

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B41] Brooke, J. 1841. Relating to the habits and points of distinction in the orangs of Borneo. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 9: 55–60.

[DSW13] Dawson, C., & A. Smith Woodward. 1913. On the discovery of a Palaeolithic human skull and mandible in a flint-bearing gravel overlying the Wealden (Hastings Beds) at Piltdown, Fletching (Sussex). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 147–150.

[D97] Dufresne, C. 1797. Sur une nouvelle espèce de singe. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (7): 49.

[F41] Fraser, L. 1841. Letter. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 9: 97.

[G97] Geoffroy, É. L. 1797. Extrait d’un mémoire sur les orang-outangs. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (4): 25–26.

[GH99] Gheerbrant, E., & J.-L. Hartenberger. 1999. Nouveau mammifère insectivore (?Lipotyphla, ?Erinaceomorpha) de l’Eocène inférieur de Chambi (Tunisie). Paläontologische Zeitschrift 73 (1–2): 143–156.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[JB10] Jaeger, J.-J., K. C. Beard, Y. Chaimanee, M. Salem, M. Benammi, O. Hlal, P. Coster, A. A. Bilal, P. Duringer, M. Schuster, X. Valentin, B. Marandat, L. Marivaux, E. Métais, O. Hammuda & M. Brunet. 2010. Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids. Nature 467: 1095–1098.

[L58] Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis revised 10th ed. vol. 1. Laurentii Salvii: Holmiae.

[MW01] Marivaux, L., J.-L. Welcomme, P.-O. Antoine, G. Métais, I. M. Baloch, M. Benammi, Y. Chaimanee, S. Ducrocq & J.-J. Jaeger. 2001. A fossil lemur from the Oligocene of Pakistan. Science 294: 587–591.

[NG13] Ni, X., D. L. Gebo, M. Dagosto, J. Meng, P. Tafforeau, J. J. Flynn & K. C. Beard. 2013. The oldest known primate skeleton and early haplorhine evolution. Nature 498: 60–64.

[NW03] Ni, X., Y. Wang, Y. Hu & C. Li. 2003. A euprimate skull from the early Eocene of China. Nature 427: 65–68.

[P96] Prothero, D. R. 1996. Magnetic stratigraphy and biostratigraphy of the Middle Eocene Uinta Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 3–24. Cambridge University Press.

[R06] Rose, K. D. 2006. The Beginning of the Age of Mammals. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore.

[SP09] Seiffert, E. R., J. M. G. Perry, E. L. Simons & D. M. Boyer. 2009. Convergent evolution of anthropoid-like adaptations in Eocene adapiform primates. Nature 461: 1118–1121.

[SSA03] Seiffert, E. R., E. L. Simons & Y. Attia. 2003. Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos. Nature 422: 421–424.

[SS10] Seiffert, E. R., E. L. Simons, D. M. Boyer, J. M. G. Perry, T. M. Ryan & H. M. Sallam. 2010. A fossil primate of uncertain affinities from the earliest late Eocene of Egypt. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 107 (21): 9712–9717.

[SS05] Seiffert, E. R., E. L. Simons, W. C. Clyde, J. B. Rossie, Y. Attia, T. M. Bown, P. Chatrath & M. E. Mathison. 2005. Basal anthropoids from Egypt and the antiquity of Africa’s higher primate radiation. Science 310: 300–304.

[S62] Simons, E. L. 1962. A new Eocene primate genus, Cantius, and a revision of some allied European lemuroids. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology 7 (1): 1–36.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[T99] Tandler, J. 1899. Zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Kopfarterien bei den Mammalia. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematische-Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Wien 67: 677–784, pls 1–8.

[W96] Walsh, S. L. 1996. S. Middle Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County, California. In: Prothero, D. R., & R. J. Emry (eds) The Terrestrial Eocene–Oligocene Transition in North America pp. 75–119. Cambridge University Press.