Spermacoceae

Belongs within: Rubioideae.
Contains: Crusea, Hedyotis.

The Spermacoceae are a clade of herbs and subshrubs supported by molecular analysis. Species previously treated as separate tribes Hedyotideae and Knoxieae are nested within Spermacoceae as historically defined (Bremer & Manen 2000).

Characters (from Bremer & Manen 2000): Herbs or subshrubs (occasionally small trees). Stipules fimbriate. Flowers quite often heterostylous. Ovary 1-5- or often 2-locular, with many to single ovules in each locule. Fruits dry, dehiscent or indehishent, or rarely fleshy with many to single seeds. Pollen often 3-colporate-pluricolpate. Chromosome basic number very variable x=6-17 with 2-20-ploidy levels.

<==Spermacoceae [Hedyotideae, Manettieae, Triainolepideae]
    |--+--HedyotisBM00
    |  `--+--Agathisanthemum bojeriBM00
    |     `--Pentodon pentandrusBM00
    `--+--Parapentas silvaticaBM00
       `--+--Pentas lanceolataBM00
          `--+--Triainolepis hildebrandtiiBM00
             `--KnoxieaeBM00
                  |--PentanisiaBM00
                  |    |--P. longitubaBM00
                  |    `--P. microphyllaBM00
                  `--KnoxiaBM00
                       |--K. diandraP03
                       |--K. platycarpaBM00
                       |--K. strictaLK14
                       `--K. sumatrensisP03
Spermacoceae incertae sedis:
  AmphiasmaBM00
    |--A. divaricatumCV06
    |--A. luzuloidesBM00
    `--A. merenskyanumCV06
  Arcytophyllum aristaumBM00
  Batopedina pulvinellataBM00
  Carphalea [incl. Dirichletia]BM00
    `--C. glaucescensRB01
  Conostomium quadrangulareBM00
  DiodiaBM00
    |--D. sarmentosaBM00
    |--D. teresH93
    `--D. virginianaS00
  Hemidiodia ocimifoliaBM00
  KohautiaBM00
    |--K. amboensisCV06
    |--K. asperaPP07
    |--K. azureaCV06
    `--K. caespitosaBM00
  Lelya prostrataBM00
  MitracarpumBM00
    |--M. decumbensJ87
    `--M. villosumBM00
  OldenlandiaBM00
    |--O. biflora [incl. Ludwigia trifolia Burm. f. 1768]R77
    |--O. corymbosaBM00
    |--O. crouchianaLK14
    |--O. delicataLK14
    |--O. diffusaVB02
    |--O. galioidesLK14
    |--O. goreensisBM00
    |--O. herbaceaC55
    |--O. kochiaeLK14
    |--O. largiflorensLK14
    |--O. mitrasacmoidesLK14
    `--O. spermacocoidesLK14
  Otiophora cupheoideaBM00
  Otomeria oculataBM00
  Paratriainia xerophilaBM00
  Pentanopsis fragransBM00
  Phylohydrax carnosaBM00
  Placopoda virgataBM00
  Psyllocarpus laricoidesBM00
  RichardiaBM00
    |--R. brasiliensisACW01
    |--R. pilosaBM00
    `--R. scabraLK14
  ChaemepentasBM00
  CruseaBM00
  Dentella pulvinata Airy-Shaw 1934 [incl. D. repens Black 1929 (preoc.)]BM00, BR65
  DibrachionostylusBM00
  DolichometraBM00
  HedythyrsusBM00
  ManostachyaBM00
  MitrasacmopsisBM00
  NeohymenopogonBM00
  NodocapaeaBM00
  PseudohedyotisBM00
  SchwenderaBM00
  SynaptanthaBM00
    |--S. scleranthoidesLK14
    `--S. tillaeaceaBM00 (see below for synonymy)
  StaeliaBM00
  ThecorchusBM00
  ThyridocalyxBM00

Synaptantha tillaeacea^BM00 [=Hedyotis tillaeacea Mueller 1863^BR65, Oldenlandia tillaeacea Mueller 1882^BR65; incl. H. elatinoides Bentham 1866^BR65]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[ACW01] Aguilar, H., C. C. Childers & W. C. Welbourn. 2001. Relative abundance and seasonal occurrence of mites in the family Tydeidae on citrus in Florida. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10^th International Congress pp. 376–380. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.

[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.

[BM00] Bremer, B., & J.-F. Manen. 2000. Phylogeny and classification of the subfamily Rubioideae (Rubiaceae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 225: 43–72.

[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.

[CV06] Craven, P., & P. Vorster. 2006. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in Namibia. Bothalia 36 (2): 175–189.

[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).

[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.

[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.

[PP07] Pandey, R. P., & P. M. Padhye. 2007. Studies on phytodiversity of Arid Machia Safari Park-Kailana in Jodhpur (Rajasthan). Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 15–78.

[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.

[R77] Raven, P. H. 1977. Onagraceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 98–113.

[RB01] Razafimandimbison, S. G., & B. Bremer. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): inference from molecular and morphological data. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 515–538.

[S00] Siddiqi, M. R. 2000. Tylenchida: Parasites of plants and insects 2^nd ed. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).

[VB02] Vijay, S. K., & T. N. Bhardwaja. 2002. Vegetation and phenodynamics of wetlands of central Rajasthan. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 573–581.