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Belongs within: Fabeae.
Contains: Trifolium section Eulagopus, Trifolium section Euamoria, Trifolium section Galearia.
Trifolium, clovers, is a cosmopolitan genus of herbaceous plants with commonly trifoliolate leaves.
Characters (from Hickman 1993): Annual or perennial, unarmed. Leaves generally palmately compound; stipules conspicuous, partly fused to petiole; leaflets generally 3, sometimes 5-9, more or less serrate or dentate. Inflorescence a raceme (often umbel-like), head, or spike, axillary or terminal, gen many-flowered, often involucred, generally peduncled; flowers bracted or not. Flowers generally spreading to erect, often becoming reflexed; corolla generally purple to pale lavender, sometimes yellow, persistent after flower; 9 filaments fused, 1 free. Fruit generally indehiscent, but often breaking, short, plump, generally included in corolla; base often stalk-like. Seeds 1-6.
<==Trifolium [Trifoliae]
|--T. subg. LagopusBF49
| |--T. (sect. Calycomorphum) subterraneum Linnaeus 1753BF49
| | |--T. s. f. subterraneumBF49
| | |--T. s. f. brachycladumBF49
| | |--T. s. f. genuinumBF49
| | `--T. s. f. oxaloidesBF49
| `--T. sect. EulagopusBF49
`--T. subg. TrifoliastrumBF49
|--T. sect. ChronosemiumBF49
| |--T. filiforme Linnaeus 1753BF49
| |--T. minus [=T. filiforme var. minus (Relhan) Cout. 1939]BF49
| `--T. procumbens Linnaeus 1755BF49
| |--T. p. f. procumbensBF49
| |--T. p. f. majus (Koch) de Basto Folque 1949BF49
| |--T. p. f. minus (Koch) de Basto Folque 1949BF49
| `--T. p. f. nanum (Seringe) de Basto Folque 1949BF49
|--T. sect. EuamoriaBF49
|--T. sect. GaleariaBF49
|--T. (sect. Involucraria) laevigatumBF49
| |--T. l. f. laevigatumBF49
| `--T. l. f. minus (Rouy) de Basto Folque 1949BF49
`--T. (sect. Mistylus) spumosumBF49
|--T. s. f. spumosumBF49
`--T. s. f. minus de Basto Folque 1949BF49
Trifolium incertae sedis:
T. agrariumC55b
T. albopurpureumH93
|--T. a. var. albopurpureumH93
|--T. a. var. dichotomumH93
`--T. a. var. olivaceumH93
T. alexandrinumBF49
T. amoenumH93
T. andersoniiH93
|--T. a. var. andersoniiH93
`--T. a. var. beatleyae [incl. T. monoense]H93
T. aureumH93
T. barbigerumH93
|--T. b. var. barbigerumH93
`--T. b. var. andrewsii [incl. T. grayi]H93
T. beckwithiiH93
T. bifidumH93
|--T. b. var. bifidumH93
`--T. b. var. decipiensH93
T. bolanderiH93
T. bonanniiBF49
|--T. b. var. bonanniiBF49
`--T. b. var. aragonenseBF49
T. breweriH93
T. buckwestiorumH93
T. campestre von Schreber 1804PL04
T. ciliolatumH93
T. cyathiferumH93
T. depauperatumH93
|--T. d. var. depauperatumH93
|--T. d. var. amplectensH93
|--T. d. var. hydrophilum [=T. amplectens var. hydrophilum]H93
`--T. d. var. truncatum [=T. amplectens var. truncatum]H93
T. dubiumLNB03
T. elegansC55b
T. eriocephalumH93
T. fucatum [incl. T. fucatum var. gambelii, T. fucatum var. virescens]H93
T. glanduliferumWR-SG01
T. gracilentumH93
|--T. g. var. gracilentum [incl. T. gracilentum var. inconspicuum]H93
`--T. g. var. palmeriH93
T. grandiflorumPT98
T. gymnocarponH93
|--T. g. var. gymnocarponH93
`--T. g. var. plummeraeH93
T. howelliiH93
T. hybridumLNB03
T. kingiiH93
|--T. k. var. kingiiH93
`--T. k. var. productumH93
T. lemmoniiH93
T. longipesH93 [=T. subterraneum f. longipesBF49]
|--T. l. var. longipesH93
|--T. l. var. atrorubensH93
|--T. l. var. elmeriH93
|--T. l. var. nevadenseH93
|--T. l. var. oreganumH93
`--T. l. var. shastense [incl. T. longipes var. multipedunculatum]H93
T. macilentumH93
|--T. m. var. macilentumH93
`--T. m. var. dedeckeraeH93
T. macraeiH93
T. microdon [incl. T. microdon var. pilosum]H93
T. monanthumH93
|--T. m. var. monanthum [incl. T. monanthum var. eastwoodianum, T. monanthum var. parvum]H93
`--T. m. var. grantianumH93
T. obtusiflorumH93
T. oliganthumH93
T. parryiGS99
T. purpureumPT98
T. reflexumKIW98
T. saxatileC55a
T. trichocalyxH93
T. variegatum (see below for synonymy)H93
T. wildenovii [incl. T. tridentatum var. aciculare, T. tridentatum]H93
T. wormskioldiiH93
Trifolium variegatum [incl. T. appendiculatum, T. geminiflorum, T. variegatum var. melananthum, T. polyodon, T. appendiculatum var. rostratum, T. variegatum var. trilobatum]H93
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BF49] Basto Folque, N. A. P. de. 1949. Subsídios para o estudo do género Trifolium L. em Portugal. Melhoramento 1 (2): 11–120, pls 1–23.
[C55a] Candolle, A. de. 1855a. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[C55b] Candolle, A. de. 1855b. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[GS99] Galen, C., & M. L. Stanton. 1999. Seedling establishment in alpine buttercups under experimental manipulations of growing-season length. Ecology 80: 2033–2044.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[KIW98] Kearns, C. A., D. W. Inouye & N. M. Waser. 1998. Endangered mutualisms: the conservation of plant-pollinator interactions. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 83–112.
[LNB03] Ledeganck, P., I. Nijs & L. Beyens. 2003. Plant functional group diversity promotes soil protist diversity. Protist 154 (2): 239–249.
[PT98] Panitsa, M., & D. Tzanoudakis. 1998. Contribution to the study of the Greek flora: flora and vegetation of the E Aegean islands Agathonisi and Pharmakonisi. Willdenowia 28: 95–116.
[PL04] Pohl, G., & I. Lenski. 2004. Zur Verbreitung und Vergesellschaftung von Pennisetum orientale Rich. in Nordeuböa (Griechenland) (Poaceae, Paniceae). Senckenbergiana Biologica 83 (2): 209–223.
[WR-SG01] Wang, S. F., T. J. Ridsdill-Smith & E. L. Ghisalberti. 2001. Resistance in pasture legumes to redlegged earth mite Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari: Penthaleidae). In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress pp. 328–341. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.